Arnica montana L., relevant European medicinal plant

Abstract

Different aspects of Arnica montana L. (Asteraceae) are presented in this work. It is an important perennial medicinal herb used since ancient times; it is endemic to central and southern Europe and has been successfully introduced and cultivated in several countries, such as the United States of America, Scotland, and others. It is under strict protection and is included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, in the Red Data Books, and Red Data Lists of many European countries. Method: we applied the technique of direct, active reading of specialized documentary sources such as books, magazines and electronic databases. Results: A descriptive overview of the species: its botanical description, geographic distribution, scientific synonyms and common names in different languages; its history, its phytochemistry, its various uses: medicinal, cosmetic and ornamental; its toxicological aspects and its counter-indications or side effects. We also provide information regarding its economic importance, as well as data about its form of propagation. Furthermore, we include the requirements for its cultivation and the main countries that trade it. The plant produces numerous secondary metabolites with biological activity, including essential oils, phenolic acids, coumarins, flavones, flavonoids, glycosides, mucilages, phytosterols, sesquiterpene lactones, tannins and triterpenoids.