Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales Vol. 15 (85)

Septiembre - Octubre (2024)

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.29298/rmcf.v15i85.1461

Research Article

Estructura arbórea en dos exposiciones de un bosque de pino en Cochoapa El Grande, Guerrero

Tree structure in two exposures of a pine forest in Cochoapa El Grande, state of Guerrero

 

Beatriz Calleja-Peláez1,2*, Bernardo López-López1, Eduardo Alanís-Rodriguez2, Ricardo Telles-Antonio3, Marco Aurelio González-Tagle2, Josafat Cano-Abad1

 

Fecha de recepción/Reception date: 24 de enero de 2024.

Fecha de aceptación/Acceptance date: 24 de junio de 2024.

_______________________________

1Universidad Intercultural del Estado de Guerrero, México.

2Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. México.

3Universidad Mexiquense del Bicentenario, México.

 

*Autor para correspondencia; correo-e: beatriz.calleja07@gmail.com

*Corresponding autor; e-mail: beatriz.calleja07@gmail.com

 

Abstract

The objective of this research was to evaluate the structure, composition and similarity of tree species in two exposures: Northwest (NW) and Southeast (SE) of a temperate forest in the community of Cochoapa El Grande, Guerrero, Mexico. In each of the exposures, six plots of 500 m2 each were randomly established. The assessed mensuration variables were total height (m) and normal diameter (m) (ND, d1.30m, cm); the mensuration distribution, Importance Value Index (IVI), Pretzsch Index, and Sørensen's similarity index were determined based on those variables. The average density of the area was 810 ind ha-1, with four Pinus species; the SE exposure had the highest abundance (1 040 ind ha-1), with a basimetric area of 25.30 m2 ha-1 and a volume of 225.21 m3 ha-1. In the NW exposure, three species were recorded, with 580 ind ha-1, 39.80 m2 ha-1, and a volume of 415.15 m3 ha-1. The species with the highest IVI value was P. pseudostrobus (NW=86.86 % and SE=68.65 %). Three strata were defined by means of the Pretzsch Index: The values for the NW exposure were A=1.30, Amax=2.20, and Arel=59.08 %; in the SE exposure, the recorded values were A=1.26, Amax=2.48, and Arel=50.69 %. The tree composition exhibited a high similarity (86 %) between the two exposures. Exposure and climatic conditions contribute to the distribution and adaptation of various species, as height and basimetric area parameters are modified.

Key words: Basimetric area, Pretzsch Index, Sørensen's Similarity Index, Importance Value Index, Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl., volume.

Resumen

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la estructura, composición y similitud de especies arbóreas en dos exposiciones: Noroeste (NO) y Sureste (SE) de un bosque templado en la comunidad Cochoapa El Grande, Guerrero, México. En cada una de las exposiciones se establecieron de manera aleatoria seis parcelas de 500 m2 cada una; las variables dasométricas evaluadas fueron altura total (m) y diámetro normal (DN, d1.30m, cm). Con ello se determinó la distribución dasométrica, Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI), el Índice de Pretzsch y el Índice de similitud de Sørensen. La densidad promedio del área fue de 810 ind ha-1, con cuatro especies del género Pinus; en la exposición SE se presentó la mayor abundancia (1 040 ind ha-1), con 25.30 m2 ha-1 en área basal y un volumen de 225.21 m3 ha-1. En la exposición NO se registraron tres especies, con 580 ind ha-1, 39.80 m2 ha-1 y un volumen de 415.15 m3 ha-1. La especie con el valor de IVI más alto fue P. pseudostrobus (NO=86.86 % y SE=68.65 %). A través del Índice de Pretzsch se definieron tres estratos: NO tuvo A=1.30, Amáx=2.20 y Arel=59.08 %; en la exposición SE los registros fueron de A=1.26, Amáx=2.48 y Arel=50.69 %. La composición arbórea entre exposiciones mostró una similitud alta (86 %). La exposición y las condiciones climáticas contribuyen a la distribución y adaptación de diversas especies, ya que se modifican los parámetros de altura y área basal.

Palabras clave: Área basal, Índice de Pretzsch, Índice de Similitud de Sørensen, Índice de Valor de Importancia, Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl., volumen.

 

 

 

Introduction

 

 

The importance of forests worldwide lies in their biodiversity (of flora and fauna). They cover 31 % of the earth's surface; almost half of the forest area is intact, and more than one third corresponds to primary forests (ONUAA y PNUMA, 2020). Another important role of these ecosystems is to reduce the problems of climate variability due to the effect of various anthropogenic activities (ONUAA y PNUMA, 2020), which, in turn, lead to an accelerated decline in the forest cover.

Mexico has a forest area of 137 million hectares, of which more than 94 million are primary vegetation; these areas are in the possession of ejidos and indigenous communities, with a high degree of conservation (Conafor, 2020). The main genera that are distributed in these plant communities are Pinus, Abies, Pseudotsuga, Cupressus, Juniperus and Quercus, in addition to certain mixed communities (Challenger and Soberón, 2008).

Knowledge about the structure and composition of forests has been a basic issue for natural resource management personnel (Aguirre-Calderón, 2015; Manzanilla et al., 2020); it is essential for proposing strategies that contribute to their conservation or to sustainable forest harvesting (Pretzsch, 1998; Aguirre et al., 2003).

Several factors such as altitude, slope, and slope exposure have been reported to significantly influence the composition, structure, and richness of plant communities in the northern hemisphere (Silva-García et al., 2022), where the species have certain adaptive characteristics to establish themselves in defined habitats (Hernández-Salas et al., 2013; Delgado et al., 2016); furthermore, López-Gómez et al. (2012) indicate that hillside exposure modifies the microclimatic conditions for species establishment, and the NE exposure is the most humid; however, there is little information on their behavior.

Studies on forest structure, diversity, and composition have been carried out in several Mexican states (Graciano-Ávila et al., 2017; Manzanilla et al., 2020; Caballero et al., 2022; García-García et al., 2023); however, they are still scarce in the state of Guerrero. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of hillside exposure (NW vs. SE) in the tree structure of a Pinus forest in Cochoapa El Grande. The hypothesis was that the trees with the NW exposure have higher values of normal diameter, total height, basimetric area, and volume.

 

 

Materials and Methods

 

 

Study area

 

 

The work was carried out in Los Pinos, located in Cochoapa El Grande municipality, in the Southeast of the state of Guerrero, in the Sierra Madre del Sur physiographic province between 98°28'14.86'' W and 17°11'47.79'' N, at 2 184 masl (Figure 1). The predominant vegetation type is Pinus forest (INEGI,2010).

 

Figure 1. Location of the sampling sites in the study area.

 

The dominant soils are Leptosol (78.28 %), Regosol (21.35 %), and Phaeozem (0.32 %). The climate type corresponds to the humid temperate C(m)(w), with an average annual temperature of 12-26 °C and precipitation ranging between 110 and 3 000 mm (INEGI, 2008).

 

 

Data collection and analysis

 

 

Within the Los Pinos location, six 500 m2 sampling sites were established randomly in the Southeast (SE) and Northwest (NW) exposures, based on the parameters of the National Forest and Soil Inventory (Infys in Spanish) (Figure 1). The mensuration variables recorded at each sampling unit were normal diameter (ND, d1.30m, cm) of individuals with a diameter >7.5 cm, at a height of 1.30 m above ground level, using a model 283D/5M Forestry Suppliers® diametric tape; the height (h) was recorded with a model PM5/360PC Suunto® clinometer. The scientific name was corroborated with the Field Guide to the Pines of Mexico and Central America (Farjon et al., 1997).

Based on the variables of each exposure (SE and NW), the ecological Importance Value Index (IVI) (Equation 1) was calculated with percentage values of 0 to 100 % per species, which were obtained by adding the values of abundance (density), dominance in the basimetric area (m2 ha-1), and relative frequency (presence at each site) (Mostacedo and Fredericksen, 2000; Alanís et al., 2020).

 

    

 

Where:

IVI = Importance Value Index

AR = Relative abundance

DR = Relative dominance

FR = Relative frequency

 

The vertical structure of the tree population was determined based on the Pretzsch Index (A) (Pretzsch, 1998), which classifies a population into three strata: Stratum I (80-100 %), in which the highest individual has an index of 100 %, Stratum II (50-80 %), and Stratum III (0 and 50 %). This index ranges between a value of zero and one maximum value; the value zero (A=0) indicates that the population is composed of a single species and a single floor; Amax is the maximum value for each species per stratum, reached when all taxa are present in the same proportion in a stratum or stand (Corral et al., 2005; Manzanilla et al., 2020). The following Equation was used for calculating the index:

 

    

 

Where:

A = Vertical distribution index

Pij = Percentage of species in each zone, estimated using (ni;)

ni;j = Number of individuals of species i in stratum j

Amax= Derived from the A index, it represents the maximum value of A, determined by the number of species and height areas

S = Number of species present

Z = Number of strata in relation to the height

N = Total number of individuals

Arel = Percentage of standardization of the A index

 

The similarity of the species composition was estimated through the calculation of the similarity of the taxa present using the Sørensen's qualitative similarity index (Sc) (Equation 5) proposed by Magurran (2004).

 

    

 

Where:

Sc %= Similarity coefficient

a and b = Number of unique species at each site

c = Number of species in common between the two sites

 

Volume was estimated using the Equation described in the Forest Biometric System for the management of the forests of Mexico (Sibifor, in Spanish) in the state of Guerrero (Equation 6) and applying the estimators established for each species (Table 1). This system is considered a portfolio of reliable equations for calculating volumetric stocks (Vargas-Larreta et al., 2017).

 

    

 

Where:

V = Total roll volume of tree with bark

a0, a1, and a2 = Parameters of the model

d = Diameter

h = Height 

 

Table 1. Parameters of the models applied for volume estimation by species.

Parameter

Estimator

Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl.

Pinus douglasiana Martínez

Pinus herrerae Martínez

Pinus teocote Schltdl. & Cham.

a0

0.0000594

0.0000333

0.0000531

0.0000822

a1

1.7990181

1.8478799

1.898198

1.9270973

a2

1.0437044

1.1923615

0.972669

0.7849548

 

The analysis of data collected in the field was processed in an Excel® spreadsheet, and in order to detect differences between variables by exposure, a Student's t-test was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 software (SPSS, 2011).

 

 

Results and Discussion

 

 

The pine forest of the community of Cochoapa El Grande, Guerrero is dominated by four species of the Pinaceae family: Pinus douglasiana Martínez, P. herrerae Martínez, P. pseudostrobus Lindl. y P. teocote Schltdl. & Cham. In several studies, the genus Pinus has been cited as one of the most widely distributed in the forests of Mexico (López-Hernández et al., 2017; Rendón-Pérez et al., 2021; Caballero et al., 2022; García-García et al., 2023).

The number of Pinus species recorded in this research agrees with the results of Caballero et al. (2022), who identified five taxa in temperate forests in the center of the country, and with Rendón-Pérez et al. (2021) who mention only three species in the Southeastern part of the state of Hidalgo.

 

 

Horizontal structure

 

 

An average density of 810 ind ha-1 was estimated in the forest. The SE exposure had 1 040 ind ha-1 of four taxa of the genus Pinus, while in the NW exposure there were 580 ind ha-1 with three species (Table 1). P. pseudostrobus was the most abundant in the two exposures with 520 and 830 ind ha-1, respectively; followed by P. douglasiana (113 ind ha-1) and P. herrerae (57 ind ha-1); these values are higher than those estimated by Silva-García et al. (2022), who documented a high density of 600 and 344 ind ha-1 for P. arizonica Engelm. in two exposures (North and South) in a temperate forest in the state of Durango. Barrios-Calderón et al. (2022) counted 533 ind ha-1 for P. maximinoi H. E. Moore in a Pinus-Quercus forest in Chiapas. In the locality of Pueblo Nuevo, Durango, Silva-García et al. (2021) recorded 40, 23, and 22 ind ha-1, respectively, of P. durangensis Martínez, P. herrerae and P. douglasiana; these are low numbers compared to those obtained in the present study.

In terms of the dominance estimated by basimetric area, the Northwest exposure had the highest value (39.80 m2 ha-1) (Table 2). P. pseudostrobus had figures above 38.18 m2 ha-1, which is higher than those cited in other studies for the same species: Graciano-Ávila et al. (2017), for the Southwest of the state of Durango, and Ramos et al. (2017) and Manzanilla et al. (2020), who estimated in pine and pine-oak forests in the Galeana municipality, state of Nuevo León, 23.54, 4.94, and 10.25 m2 ha-1, respectively. The Southeast exposure presented 25.30 m2 ha-1 of dominance, with 19.26 m2 ha-1 for P. pseudostrobus, the most dominant species for this exposure; while, P. douglasiana had 3.98 m2 ha-1, which is higher than 1.10 m2 ha-1 estimated by Silva-García et al. (2021) in Southern Durango state.

 

Table 2. Estimated structural parameters for each species per exposure (NW and SE).

Exp.

Species

Abundance

Dominance

Frequency

IVI

Absolute N ha-1

Relative Ar %

Absolute m2 ha-1

Relative Dr i %

Absolute sites

Relative %

NW

Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl.

520

89.66

38.18

95.93

6

75

86.86

Pinus herrerae Martínez

57

9.77

1.25

3.13

1

12.5

8.47

Pinus teocote Schltdl. & Cham.

3

0.57

0.37

0.94

1

12.5

4.67

Total

580

100

39.80

100

8

100

100

SE

Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl.

830

79.81

19.26

76.13

5

50

68.65

Pinus douglasiana Martínez

113

10.90

3.98

15.72

2

20

15.54

Pinus herrerae Martínez

90

8.65

1.27

5.04

2

20

11.23

Pinus teocote Schltdl. & Cham.

7

0.64

0.79

3.10

1

10

4.58

Total

1 040

100

25.30

100

10

100

100

Exp. = Exposure.

 

The species with the lowest dominance was P. teocote with 0.37 and 0.79 m2 ha-1 in the two exposures of the present study (Table 2), but higher than that reported by Caballero et al. (2022) for pine forest (0.02) and alder-pine forest (0.07) in the state of Puebla.

The species with the lowest Importance Value Index (IVI) was P. teocote with 4.67 to 4.58 %, while the highest IVI corresponded to P. pseudostrobus, with 86.86 % in the Northwest exposure and 68.65 % in the Southeastern exposure (Table 2); these are values close to those recorded by Ramos et al. (2017) of 78 % for the same species in a burned area and by Mora-Donjuán et al. (2017) for Quercus elliptica Née in an oak forest in Guerrero. Manzanilla et al. (2020) report an IVI of 27.67 and 12.18 % for P. pseudostrobus at two sites with Northeastern exposure figures higher than the 7 % considered for P. patula Schltdl. & Cham. forest in Ixtlán de Juárez, Oaxaca (Castellanos-Bolaños et al., 2008).

 

 

Vertical structure (Pretzsch)

 

 

Based on Pretzsch's Vertical Distribution Index, three height strata were defined for the two exposures: Stratum I or upper (>80 % of maximum height), Stratum II or medium (between 50-80 %), and Stratum III or low (up to 50 %).

NW exposure. The maximum height ranged from 26.7 to 33 m, with P. pseudostrobus (a species present in all three strata) dominating with 36 individuals; P. teocote registered only one individual of 28.5 m in height. The middle Stratum consisted of P. pseudostrobus and P. herrerae, with heights ranging between 17 and 26.4 m, and the lower Stratum had heights ranging from 11.3 to 16.5 m (Table 3). 

 

Table 3. Values of the Pretzsch vertical index for the study area.

Exposure

Stratum

Species

Ind.

No.

H (m)

Pretzsch index

Max

Min

x̅

A

Amax

Arel %

NW

I

Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl.

36

33

26.7

29.9

1.30

2.20

59.08

Pinus teocote Schltdl. & Cham.

1

28.5

28.5

II

Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl.

87

26.4

17

21.7

Pinus herrerae Martínez

13

25

17

21

III

Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl.

33

16.5

6

11.3

Pinus herrerae Martínez

4

16

11.2

13.6

Total

174

145.4

106.4

97.4

SE

I

Pinus douglasiana Martínez

3

29.7

28.4

29.1

1.26

2.48

50.69

Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl.

3

34

27.5

30.8

II

Pinus douglasiana Martínez

7

26.3

18.2

22.3

Pinus herrerae Martínez

1

18

18

18

Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl.

60

27

17.4

22.2

Pinus teocote Schltdl. & Cham.

1

23.5

11.8

III

Pinus douglasiana Martínez

24

16.5

3.6

10.1

Pinus herrerae Martínez

26

16

3.7

9.9

Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl.

186

17

3

10

Pinus teocote Schltdl. & Cham.

1

16.3

16.3

16.3

Total

312

224.3

136.1

180.2

 

SE exposure. In Stratum I, P. pseudostrobus and P. douglasiana were recorded with heights ranging between 27.5 and 34 m (six individuals), while the middle Stratum consisted of four taxa P. pseudostrobus, P. douglasiana, P. herrerae and P. teocote,with a range of 17.4 to 27 m, and the lower Stratum (3 to 17 m), of 237 individuals of the same species (Table 3).

Lamprecht (1990) points out that there are taxa with a behavior of continuous distribution; a clear example is P. pseudostrobus, a species with vertical distribution in the three strata for the two exposures studied, and on the SE slope, P. douglasiana showed a continuous behavior. According to results, these taxa are assured of their permanence in the composition and structure, as they are distributed in the three strata of the forest (Acosta et al., 2006).

The NW exposure presented relatively higher values for the Pretzsch index A=1.30, 2.20 Amax, and 59.08 % of Arel, with respect to the SE whose recorded values were A=1.26, 2.48 Amax and 50.60 % Arel(Table 3). These values are close to those estimated by Mora-Donjuán et al. (2017) for an oak forest in the Sierra Madre del Sur of the state of Guerrero and by Rubio et al. (2014), with A=2.01-1.86, Amax=3.74-3.30 and Arel=54-56 % at P-1 and P-2, respectively, in pine-oak forest in the Southeast of Nuevo León. Therefore, Flores-Morales et al. (2022) point out that Arelclose to 100 % indicate that all species are equally distributed in the three height strata; this result is similar to that obtained in the present research.

 

 

Diameter characterization

 

 

Based on the mensuration characterization (cm) in the two exposures, SE exhibited a high value of R2=0.99, with 310 ind ha-1 for the <15 cm category; for ND<55 cm only seven individuals were observed (Figure 2B). Likewise, in the NW (R2=0.91), there was a greater number of individuals in the <15 cm diameter class (190 ind ha-1), and only three trees had values of 65 cm (Figure 2A). Based on the data analysis, an asymmetric behavior was observed to the left, resulting in an inverted J-shaped structure, with a dominance of young trees and a decrease of large diameter trees (due to anthropic causes); this shows a high regeneration rate of the forest, which will eventually replace the trees with larger diameters. The R2 value is similar to that recorded by López-Hernández et al. (2017) in a forest in the state of Puebla (R2=0.96). Other studies have documented that the behavior of the curve is characteristic of temperate forests in various states of the country (Manzanilla et al., 2020; Caballero et al., 2022; García-García et al., 2023).

 

A = NW exposure; B = SE exposure.

Figure 2. Distribution of diameter classes by exposure in a pine forest in Cochoapa El Grande, Guerrero, Mexico.

 

The mensuration variables were higher in the NW exposure with ND=28.76 cm, H=21.6 m, G=39.8 m2 ha-1, and V=415.15 m3 ha-1; in the SE exposure, values of ND=16.9 cm, H=14.7 m, G=25.3 m2 ha-1 and V=225.21 m3 ha-1 were recorded, with p values <0.05 according to Student's t-test for comparison of means (Figure 3). The results are consistent with the assumption that the Northeast exposure provides favorable temperature and humidity conditions for species development (Manzanilla et al., 2020), and lower water deficit and plant evapotranspiration (López-Gómez et al., 2012).

 

A = Diameter and height; B = Basimetric area and volume of two exposures. Mean values±standard deviation. Different letters indicate significant differences.

Figure 3. Comparison of t-means for mensuration variables.

 

Sørensen's qualitative similarity index estimated 85.71 % of shared species in both exposures (NW and SE), indicating 86 % similarity in plant composition. This value resembles that described by Buendía-Rodríguez et al. (2019) with >80 % in a Northeast exposure for a pine-oak forest in the state of Nuevo León.

 

 

Conclusions

 

 

The results for the Pinus forest in Cochoapa El Grande, Guerrero, show a better normal diameter, total height, and basimetric area in the Northwest exposure due to the presence of favorable conditions of temperature and humidity, which favor a lower water deficit of the species. Pinus pseudostrobus presents the highest Importance Value Index, with 86.86 and 68.85 % in the Northwest and Southeast exposure, respectively. The species composition exhibits very similar values.

The Pretzsch index allows us to visualize the height distribution of the trees in the area. The diameter distribution indicates that the forest is made up of young or regenerating trees, which will eventually replace the long-lived individuals on the site. In order to carry out works focused on the structure and composition of forests, will allow to know the changes through time and will favor the implementation of strategies for the sustainable management of forest resources.

 

Acknowledgments

 

The authors are sincerely grateful to the Commissioner and residents of the community of Cochoapa El Grande for their access and availability to carry out the field work, as well as to the field brigade.

 

Conflict of interest

 

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Eduardo Alanís-Rodríguez declares not to have participated in the editorial process of the manuscript. 

 

Contribution by author

 

Beatriz Calleja-Peláez: study design, analysis, and drafting of the manuscript; Bernardo López-López: fieldwork planning, statistical analysis, and revision of the manuscript; Eduardo Alanís-Rodríguez: study design and review of the manuscript; Ricardo Telles-Antonio and Marco Aurelio González-Tagle: revision of the manuscript; Josafat Cano-Abad: field data collection.

 

 

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