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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">remcf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. de cienc. forestales</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-1132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29298/rmcf.v11i57.552</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Científico</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>CO<sub>2</sub> microbiano edáfico en un bosque de <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> (Kunth) Schltdl. &amp; Cham. en la Ciudad de México</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8561-3142</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barajas Guzmán</surname>
						<given-names>Guadalupe</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6196-2850</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández Rosales</surname>
						<given-names>Dulce</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2223-7490</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Paredes García</surname>
						<given-names>Sally</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9879-0984</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Peña Becerril</surname>
						<given-names>Juan Carlos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0115-9841</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Álvarez Sánchez</surname>
						<given-names>Javier</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México </institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Ciencias</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
					<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor para correspondencia; correo-e: <email>mgbarajasg@ciencias.unam.mx</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn1">
					<label>Conflicto de intereses</label>
					<p>Los autores declaran no tener conflicto de intereses.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn2">
					<label>Contribución por autor</label>
					<p>Guadalupe Barajas Guzmán: trabajo de campo, análisis de resultados y escritura del manuscrito; Dulce Hernández Rosales: trabajo de campo y de laboratorio; Sally Paredes García: trabajo de campo y laboratorio; Juan Carlos Peña Becerril: trabajo en campo y revisión del escrito; Javier Álvarez Sánchez: trabajo de campo y revisión del escrito.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>27</day>
				<month>01</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Feb</season>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			<issue>57</issue>
			<fpage>108</fpage>
			<lpage>131</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>04</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Microbial respiration plays a key role in the C cycle and contributes to the production of CO<sub>2</sub>, so it is important to identify the changes and agents that alter microbial communities and, therefore, soil respiration rates. Few studies have focused on characterizing microbial respiration in urban forests subject to changes in land use. The production of microbial CO<sub>2</sub> from the soil of six sites with different tree cover in an <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> forest (0, 100, 170, 180, 240 and 310 cm<sup>2</sup>) was examined, and its relation with soil properties in the <italic>Magdalena</italic> river basin in Mexico City. A plot of 25 × 25 m was established in each site, the basimetric area was obtained and the shrub and herbaceous species were identified, soil were collected to measure the CO<sub>2</sub> released by the microbial biomass (bacterial and fungal). The gravimetric moisture content, bulk density, pH, and total C and N were measured too. The CO<sub>2</sub> from the fungal biomass was highest than the bacterial; highest values were observed in the rainy season. A positive linear relationship was found between CO<sub>2</sub> and the moisture content, bulk density, pH and C/N ratio. The soils of sites that are in in early stages of natural regeneration with less basimetric area, produce a high release of CO<sub>2</sub>. Vegetation and soil properties influenced microbial activity.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words</title>
				<kwd>Basimetric area</kwd>
				<kwd>fungal biomass</kwd>
				<kwd>urban forest</kwd>
				<kwd>microbial CO<sub>2</sub></kwd>
				<kwd>natural regeneration</kwd>
				<kwd>C/N ratio</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>La respiración microbiana tiene un papel primordial en el ciclo del C y contribuye a la producción de CO<sub>2</sub>, por lo que es importante identificar los cambios y agentes que alteran a las comunidades microbianas y, por ende, las tasas de respiración. Pocos estudios se han enfocado en caracterizar la respiración microbiana en los bosques urbanos sujetos a cambios en el uso del suelo. En este estudio se examinó la liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> microbiano del suelo de seis sitios con diferente cobertura arbórea (0, 100, 170, 180, 240 y 310 cm<sup>2</sup>) en un bosque de <italic>Abies religiosa</italic>, y su relación con variables edáficas en la cuenca del río Magdalena en la Ciudad de México. En cada sitio se estableció una parcela de 25 × 25 m, se registró el área basal e identificaron las especies arbustivas y herbáceas; se recolectó suelo para medir el CO<sub>2</sub> potencial liberado por la biomasa bacteriana y fúngica, además se estimó el contenido de humedad, densidad aparente, pH, el Carbono y Nitrógeno totales. La liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> por parte de la biomasa fúngica fue mayor que la bacteriana; en la temporada de lluvias se registraron los valores más altos. Se verificó una relación lineal positiva entre la liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> y el contenido de humedad, la densidad aparente, el pH y la relación C/N. Los suelos en los que hubo menos área basal, liberaron mayor CO<sub>2.</sub> La vegetación y las propiedades del suelo influyeron en la actividad microbiana.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave</title>
				<kwd>Área basal</kwd>
				<kwd>biomasa fúngica</kwd>
				<kwd>bosque urbano</kwd>
				<kwd>CO<sub>2</sub> microbiano</kwd>
				<kwd>regeneración natural</kwd>
				<kwd>relación C/N</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="16"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="56"/>
				<page-count count="24"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>La cuenca del río Magdalena forma parte del suelo de conservación de la Ciudad de México y está clasificada como Parque Nacional; a pesar de ello, se producen cambios en el uso de suelo y existen áreas destinadas al pastoreo y a cultivos agrícolas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Jujnovsky <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), lo cual tiene efectos negativos en las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo, mismos que modifican el funcionamiento del ecosistema (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Tischer <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Las comunidades vegetales principales en la cuenca son los bosques de <italic>Pinus hartwegii</italic> Lindl., <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> (Kunth) Schltdl. &amp; Cham. y <italic>Quercus rugosa</italic> Née, con distintas asociaciones de especies dentro de ellas. Estudios realizados en el área han puesto de manifiesto que el bosque de <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> tiene una alta productividad (10.78 ± 1.13 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> año<sup>-1</sup>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Delgadillo, 2011</xref>); también registra la mayor tasa de descomposición, pues en un trabajo previo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barajas (2014)</xref> concluyó que la velocidad de pérdida de peso de la fracción foliar de <italic>A. religiosa</italic> duplicó el valor de la de <italic>Q. rugosa</italic> y fue superior a la de <italic>P. hartwegii</italic>. Además, contiene mayor contenido de humedad en el suelo y una alta calidad de materia orgánica, lo que favorece la actividad de los organismos desintegradores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barajas, 2014</xref>). Por ello, resulta interesante evaluar la liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> en este bosque urbano en el contexto de la circulación del carbono, ya que existe muy poca información al respecto en la literatura, tanto para bosques de oyamel como para bosques urbanos, como es el caso de la cuenca del río Magdalena.</p>
			<p>A escala global, la respiración del suelo genera de 68 a 77 x 10<sup>15</sup> g C al año (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Raich y Schlesinger, 1992</xref>); aproximadamente un tercio de este proviene de la respiración de las raíces y el resto corresponde a la actividad de los microorganismos durante el proceso de descomposición de la materia orgánica muerta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Luo y Zhou, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Noh <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Galicia <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>), por lo que dicho proceso tiene un papel importante en el ciclo global del carbono y en la concentración de CO<sub>2</sub> en la atmósfera. Por consiguiente, es de gran importancia por sus implicaciones en el cambio climático y las políticas ambientales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Latimer y Risk<italic>,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>La producción de CO<sub>2</sub> está influenciada por diversos factores bióticos y abióticos, así como por su interacción. Entre los componentes ambientales se cuentan la temperatura, la humedad, la concentración de O<sub>2</sub>, la disponibilidad de nutrientes, la textura del suelo y el pH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Wood <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Zimmerman <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). La vegetación afecta la respiración edáfica, de manera indirecta, al modificar el microclima y la estructura del suelo, también por la cantidad y calidad de materiales orgánicos que aporta. La calidad está determinada por el contenido de compuestos lábiles y recalcitrantes de la hojarasca (relación C:N); la rápida descomposición indica una mayor concentración de componentes lábiles en relación a los recalcitrantes (C:N baja), lo que promueve la tasa de descomposición; por lo tanto, conduce a tasas altas de respiración, de manera directa, pues la respiración de las raíces es uno de los principales contribuyentes al aporte de CO<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hasset y Banwart, 1992</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Raich y Tufekcioglu, 2000</xref>).</p>
			<p>En virtud de que todos estos factores se modifican por el cambio de uso de suelo, resulta de interés evaluar su impacto en la respiración de la biota edáfica. Actualmente, se estima que entre 30 y 66 % del territorio nacional está bajo algún uso agrícola o ganadero (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Dupuy <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>) y la pérdida de los recursos forestales es del orden de 500 000 a 631 000 ha al año (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Díaz-Gallegos <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los estudios en campo que estiman la respiración en los suelos de México son escasos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Campos, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Covaleda <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Campos, 2014</xref>), lo mismo sucede con los de laboratorio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Álvarez y Anzueto, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Ikkonen <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alcántara, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cruz <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Cueva <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>), y ninguno se ha llevado a cabo en las áreas verdes de la Ciudad de México.En ese contexto, se realizó el presente trabajo cuyo objetivo consistió en determinar y contrastar la actividad microbiana a través de la respiración, en zonas con diferente área basal en el bosque de <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> de la cuenca del río Magdalena.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materiales y Métodos</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Zona de estudio</title>
				<p>El estudio se llevó a cabo en el bosque de <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> perteneciente a la cuenca del Río Magdalena (CRM). Es un bosque alto, perennifolio con zonas densas que alcanza 100 % de cobertura vegetal, en el que dominan los estratos arbóreo y arbustivo; aunque, también hay zonas abiertas debido a disturbios y al ganado. Se localiza sobre pendientes pronunciadas, a 2 750-3 500 msnm. En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> aparecen en color blanco los sitios de muestreo a lo largo del bosque de <italic>A. religiosa</italic> y se indica el área basal que corresponde a cada sitio.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Cuenca del río Magdalena en el suroeste de la Ciudad de México.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="https://cienciasforestales.inifap.gob.mx/index.php/forestales/article/download/552/2079/10569"/>
						<attrib>Fuente: Modificado de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Santibáñez (2009)</xref>.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>La precipitación mínima registrada es de 1 000 mm en la parte baja y la máxima de 1 500 mm, en las cumbres más altas. Se presentan dos tipos de climas, de 2 400 a 2 800 msnm un clima subhúmedo con una temperatura media anual entre 12 °C y 18 °C. De 2 800 a 3 800 msnm predomina un clima semifrío y una temperatura media anual entre 5 °C y 12 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">García, 1988</xref>). En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> se observan los datos de temperatura y precipitación correspondientes al periodo de estudio.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Temperatura promedio y precipitación total por mes del periodo de estudio en la cuenca del río Magdalena en la Ciudad de México.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="https://cienciasforestales.inifap.gob.mx/index.php/forestales/article/download/552/2079/10570"/>
						<attrib>Fuente: Estación meteorológica Desviación Alta al Pedregal</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>El suelo en el bosque de <italic>A. religiosa</italic> en la CRM es un Andosol húmico (FAO-UNESCO) con textura media limosa a franco arenosa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">INEGI, 2006</xref>). El dosel alcanza de 20 a 30 m de altura, el estrato arbustivo es de 2 a 3 m de alto y existe un estrato herbáceo. Se han citado las siguientes asociaciones vegetales: <italic>A. religiosa</italic> - <italic>Roldana angulifolia</italic> (DC.) H. Rob. &amp; Brettell y <italic>A. religiosa</italic> - <italic>Acaena elongata</italic> L<italic>.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Almeida-Leñero <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Selección de sitios</title>
				<p>El estudio se realizó en septiembre de 2013 (estación de lluvias) y en mayo de 2014 (estación seca). Se eligieron seis sitios con diferente cobertura vegetal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>), donde se trazó un cuadro de 25 × 25 m por sitio, en los cuales se registró el número de especies y el perímetro a la altura del pecho (PAP) de los árboles de <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> para obtener el área basal.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Cuadro 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Área basal de los árboles en pie, la riqueza vegetal y el nombre de la especie más abundante en cada uno de los sitios en el bosque de <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> (Kunth) Schltdl.&amp; Cham. en la cuenca del río Magdalena en la Ciudad de México.</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin" align="center">Área basal (cm<sup>2</sup>)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin" align="center">0</th>
									<th style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"  align="center">100</th>
									<th style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin" align="center">170</th>
									<th style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin" align="center">180</th>
									<th style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin" align="center">240</th>
									<th style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin" align="center">310</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Riqueza vegetal</td>
									<td align="center">18</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">24</td>
									<td align="center">26</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td  style="border-bottom: solid thin;" align="center">Especie dominante</td>
									<td  style="border-bottom: solid thin;" align="center"><italic>Bromus carinatus</italic> Hook. &amp; Arn.</td>
									<td  style="border-bottom: solid thin;" align="center"><italic>Acaena elongata</italic> L.</td>
									<td  style="border-bottom: solid thin;" align="center"><italic>Salvia gesneriflora</italic> Lindl. &amp; Paxton</td>
									<td  style="border-bottom: solid thin;" align="center"><italic>Senecio angulifolius</italic> DC.</td>
									<td  style="border-bottom: solid thin;" align="center"><italic>Senecio angulifolius</italic> DC.</td>
									<td  style="border-bottom: solid thin;" align="center"><italic>Abies religiosa</italic> (Kunth) Schltdl. &amp; Cham.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>En el sitio más perturbado no había ningún árbol, la riqueza de hierbas fue de 18 taxones y el más abundante fue <italic>Bromus carinatus</italic> Hook. &amp; Arn<italic>.</italic>, maleza nativa de México que se utiliza como forraje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Rzedowski y Rzedowski, 2001</xref>); en el otro extremo del gradiente de conservación, se localiza el sitio conservado con la presencia dominante de árboles de <italic>A. religiosa</italic>. Al sitio con la mayor riqueza (26 especies) le correspondió un área basal de 180 cm<sup>2</sup> y el arbusto dominante fue <italic>Senecio angulifolius</italic> DC<italic>.</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>), taxón característico de estadios sucesionales intermedios en bosques templados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Rzedowski y Rzedowski, 2001</xref>).</p>
				<p>En la esquina y el centro de cada cuadro se recolectó una muestra de suelo a 10 cm de profundidad con ayuda de un nucleador <italic>Soilmoisture</italic> 200-A (10 cm de alto × 7 cm de diámetro). Se tuvieron cinco réplicas por sitio en cada una de las estaciones (lluviosa y seca). Las muestras fueron almacenadas en un refrigerador a 4 °C hasta su procesamiento. Al mismo tiempo, en cada punto se obtuvo una segunda muestra inalterada de suelo con un nucleador de 100 cm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Preparación y análisis</title>
				<p>Las primeras cinco muestras se tamizaron con una malla de 2.38 mm de apertura para estimar la respiración bacteriana y fúngica, y el contenido gravimétrico de agua. En la muestra inalterada, se midió la densidad aparente, la concentración de carbono (C) y de nitrógeno (N) total, así como el pH.</p>
				<p>Los análisis de C y N se realizaron en el Laboratorio de Fertilidad de Suelos del Colegio de Postgraduados (Colpos). El nitrógeno total se determinó por digestión ácida con ácido sulfúrico y análisis colorimétrico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Technicon Industrial Systems, 1977)</xref>. El C total se determinó por el método de <italic>Walkley-Black</italic> modificado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Technicon Industrial Systems, 1977</xref>).</p>
				<p>La densidad aparente se obtuvo a partir de la muestra inalterada de suelo, la cual se secó a 105 °C hasta alcanzar un peso constante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Siebe <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>El pH se registró con un potenciómetro <italic>Conductronic</italic> PC18 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Hendershot <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>).</p>
				<p>El contenido gravimétrico de agua se determinó al pesar 50 g de suelo recolectado en campo y se colocó en un horno de secado <italic>Binder</italic> ED53-UL#02-30777 a 105 °C hasta alcanzar un peso constante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Jarrell <italic>et al</italic>., 1999</xref>). </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Respiración microbiana</title>
				<p>Se siguió la técnica de <italic>Isermeyer</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alef, 1995</xref>) para la medición de la liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> por parte de la biomasa microbiana total del suelo, la cual consiste en colocar un peso conocido de suelo (no se humedeció) en un vaso de Precipitado de 100 mL dentro de frascos con tapa hermética, en los que se añadió una solución de NaOH al 0.05 M; enseguida se colocaron en una incubadora <italic>Percival</italic> GR41VL a 25 °C durante tres días. Al terminar este periodo, se agregaron 5 mL de solución de cloruro de bario (BaCl<sub>2</sub>) al 0.5 M y cuatro gotas de indicador (solución de fenolftaleína al 0.05 M) y las muestras se tornaron color rosa. Por último, la solución color rosa se tituló con ácido clorhídrico (HCl) a una concentración de 0.05 M, hasta que se tornó incolora. La cantidad de CO<sub>2</sub> se determinó a partir del volumen de HCl utilizado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alef, 1995</xref>).</p>
				<p>Para la biomasa fúngica se usó la misma técnica, pero se le añadió ácido láctico (C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>3</sub> al 85 %) para eliminar a las poblaciones bacterianas, y así, evaluar la liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> por parte de los hongos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Van Netten <italic>et al</italic>., 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Dubal <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Wolf <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). Para calcular la liberación del CO<sub>2</sub> bacteriano, se restó al CO<sub>2</sub> microbiano total el CO<sub>2</sub> fúngico.</p>
				<p>Los frascos control no tenían suelo, y con ellos se siguió el mismo procedimiento.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>Para el análisis de la liberación de CO<sub>2</sub>, se hizo un análisis de varianza (en cumplimiento con los supuestos de normalidad y homocedasticidad) de tres vías, en el que se consideraron como factores la fuente de CO<sub>2</sub> (bacteriano, fúngico), el sitio (área basal) y estacionalidad de las lluvias; cuando hubo diferencias significativas se procedió a realizar la prueba de <italic>Tukey</italic>. También, se efectuaron regresiones lineales entre las variables edáficas y la liberación de CO<sub>2</sub>. Todos los análisis se llevaron a cabo con 95 % de confianza en el paquete estadístico <italic>STATISTICA</italic> 8.0 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">StatSoft Inc., 2007</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<p>Se registraron diferencias significativas en la liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> entre la biomasa bacteriana y la biomasa fúngica (F<sub>(1,96)</sub> = 138.34; P &lt; 0.0001). La liberación potencial de CO<sub>2</sub> de la biomasa fúngica fue superior a la bacteriana (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Liberación potencial de CO<sub>2</sub> de la biomasa bacteriana y fúngica en el bosque de <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> (Kunth) Schltdl. &amp; Cham. en la cuenca del río Magdalena en la Ciudad de México<italic>.</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="https://cienciasforestales.inifap.gob.mx/index.php/forestales/article/download/552/2079/10571"/>
					<attrib>Las letras diferentes indican diferencias significativas (P &lt; 0.0001).</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>La liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> también evidenció diferencias significativas entre temporadas (F<sub>(1,96)</sub> = 279.55; P &lt; 0.0001). Se registró 1.6 veces mayor respiración en la estación de lluvias en comparación con la temporada seca (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Liberación potencial de CO<sub>2</sub> en temporada de lluvias y secas en el bosque de <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> (Kunth) Schltdl. &amp; Cham. en la cuenca del río Magdalena en la Ciudad de México.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="https://cienciasforestales.inifap.gob.mx/index.php/forestales/article/download/552/2079/10564"/>
					<attrib>Las letras diferentes indican diferencias significativas (P &lt; 0.0001).</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>La emisión de CO<sub>2</sub> en los sitios tuvo diferencias significativas (F<sub>(5,96)</sub> = 32.4; P &lt; 0.0001). El valor más alto se observó en el sitio con un área basal de 100 cm<sup>2</sup> y el más bajo en aquel con 240 cm<sup>2</sup>; hubo una diferencia de 40 % entre ambos sitios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). En el sitio con el área basal más alta (ausencia de sotobosque y estrato herbáceo) se verificó 13 % menos liberación de CO<sub>2</sub>, con respecto al valor más grande.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Liberación potencial de CO<sub>2</sub> microbiano (promedio ± desviación estándar) de seis sitios con área basal diferente en el bosque de <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> (Kunth) Schltdl. &amp; Cham. en la cuenca del río Magdalena en la Ciudad de México.</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin" align="center">Área Basal (cm<sup>2</sup>)</th>
								<th style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin" align="center">CO<sub>2</sub> (mg CO<sub>2</sub> g<sup>-1</sup> día<sup>-1</sup>) Promedio</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0.106 (±0.055) CD</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">0.155 (±0.072) A</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">170</td>
								<td align="center">0.116 (±0.072) C</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">180</td>
								<td align="center">0.108 (±0.033) CD</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">240</td>
								<td align="center">0.094 (±0.040) E</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td  style="border-bottom: solid thin;" align="center">310</td>
								<td  style="border-bottom: solid thin;" align="center">0.135 (±0.042) B</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Letras diferentes indican diferencias significativas (P &lt; 0.0001).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>La interacción entre la fuente de liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> y la temporada fue significativa (F<sub>(1,96)</sub> = 90.42; P &lt; 0.0001). El máximo valor correspondió a la combinación de biomasa fúngica en la temporada de lluvias, y la liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> fue aproximadamente el doble de lo que se registró en la temporada de secas en cada uno de los grupos de microorganismos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figura 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Liberación potencial de CO<sub>2</sub> de la biomasa bacteriana y fúngica en temporada de lluvias y secas en la cuenca del río Magdalena en la Ciudad de México.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="https://cienciasforestales.inifap.gob.mx/index.php/forestales/article/download/552/2079/10565"/>
					<attrib>Las letras diferentes indican diferencias significativas (P &lt; 0.001).</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>La interacción entre la fuente de liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> y los sitios con diferente área basal, también fue significativa (F<sub>(5,96)</sub> = 34.94; P &lt; 0.0001). Los valores más bajos correspondieron a la biomasa bacteriana en los sitios con 170 y 180 cm<sup>2</sup> de área basal, y los más altos a los sitios de 170 y 310 cm<sup>2</sup> en combinación con la biomasa fúngica.</p>
			<p>Asimismo, la interacción entre temporada y sitios con diferente área basal resultó significativa (F<sub>(5,96)</sub> = 35.18; P &lt; 0.0001). En la temporada de secas en el sitio con 240 cm<sup>2</sup> de área basal se determinó el valor más bajo; mientras que el mayor fue para el sitio con área basal de 100 cm<sup>2</sup>, en la época lluviosa.</p>
			<p>Finalmente, la interacción entre fuente de liberación de CO<sub>2</sub>, temporada y sitios con diferente área basal fue significativa (F<sub>(5,96)</sub> = 36.65; P &lt; 0.0001); la biomasa bacteriana del sitio con 170 cm<sup>2</sup> de área basal tuvo el menor promedio en la temporada de lluvias; y el más alto para la biomasa fúngica se estimó en el sitio de 100 cm<sup>2</sup>, en la misma época.</p>
			<p>Si bien, se detectaron diferencias en la liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> entre sitios, la relación entre el área basal y la respiración no fue significativa, pero sí se presentaron relaciones lineales con algunas de las variables del suelo. La liberación potencial de CO<sub>2</sub> de la biomasa bacteriana se relacionó lineal y positivamente con el contenido gravimétrico de humedad en el suelo (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.36, F<sub>(1,28)</sub> =15.54; P &lt; 0.001) y con la densidad aparente (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.52, F<sub>(1,28)</sub> =29.89; P &lt; 0.0001) en la temporada de lluvias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f6">
					<label>Figura 6</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Relación entre la liberación potencial de CO<sub>2</sub> de la biomasa bacteriana y el contenido gravimétrico de humedad (a) y entre la densidad aparente (b) en la temporada de lluvias, en la cuenca del río Magdalena en la Ciudad de México.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="https://cienciasforestales.inifap.gob.mx/index.php/forestales/article/download/552/2079/10566"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>La liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> por parte de la biomasa fúngica, también se relacionó de manera lineal y positiva con el contenido gravimétrico de humedad en el suelo durante la época de secas (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.67, F<sub>(1,28)</sub> =33; P &lt; 0.0001) y con la densidad aparente en lluvias (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.55, F<sub>(1,28)</sub> =33; P &lt; 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f7">
					<label>Figura 7</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Relación entre la liberación potencial de CO<sub>2</sub> de la biomasa fúngica y el contenido gravimétrico de humedad en la época de secas (a) y entre la densidad aparente en la temporada de lluvias (b), en la cuenca del río Magdalena en la Ciudad de México.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="https://cienciasforestales.inifap.gob.mx/index.php/forestales/article/download/552/2079/10567"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>También, en la temporada de lluvias la liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> por parte de la biomasa fúngica se relacionó lineal y positivamente con el pH (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.48, F<sub>(1,28)</sub> =25; P &lt; 0.0001) y la calidad de la materia orgánica del suelo (estimada a través del la relación C:N) (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.44, F<sub>(1,28)</sub> =22; P &lt; 0.0001). Los valores más bajos de respiración se observaron en un pH cercano a 4 y los más altos en valores próximos a 6; en tanto que la actividad de la biomasa fúngica aumentó a valores altos del cociente C/N (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 8</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f8">
					<label>Figura 8</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Relación entre la liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> de la biomasa fúngica y el pH (a) y la relación C/N (b), en la cuenca del río Magdalena en la Ciudad de México.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="https://cienciasforestales.inifap.gob.mx/index.php/forestales/article/download/552/2079/10568"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discusión</title>
			<p>Los valores registrados de CO<sub>2</sub> están dentro del intervalo citado para los bosques templados: 0.01 a 0.70 mg CO<sub>2</sub> g<sup>-1</sup> día<sup>-1</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bailey <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Ikkonen <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Campos, 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Aunque no se determinó una relación entre el área basal y la liberación potencial de CO<sub>2</sub>, el sitio donde se registró una riqueza de nueve especies vegetales, con la dominancia de <italic>Acaena elongata</italic> y cuya área basal fue de 100 cm<sup>2</sup>, registró los valores más altos de CO<sub>2</sub>, seguido por el sitio en el que solo había árboles (310 cm<sup>2</sup>) de <italic>A. religiosa</italic>, lo que sugiere, como en otros estudios, que las tasas de respiración heterotrófica se modifican de acuerdo a los cambios en la estructura de la vegetación durante la sucesión, lo cual se ha observado tanto en bosques templados, como en subtropicales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Yan <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Susyan <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>En en presente estudio, la liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> por la biomasa microbiana (bacterias y hongos) fue diferente entre los sitios, pero no siguió un patrón ascendente en función del área basal o de la riqueza de especies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). Así, el valor más alto de respiración además de registrarse en un sitio con pocas especies vegetales (9), coincidió con la dominancia de <italic>Acaena elongata</italic>, especie indicadora de disturbio, que presenta alta demanda de luz, que tiende a crecer en manchones y a dominar el estrato herbáceo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Rzedowski y Rzedowski, 2001</xref>), y que impide el establecimiento de otras especies.</p>
			<p>En dos de los sitios con presencia importante de árboles (180 y 240 cm<sup>2</sup> de área basal) <italic>Senecio angulifolius</italic>, taxón dominante que alcanza hasta 5 m de altura, favorece la entrada y establecimiento de otros taxa en el suelo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Rzedowski y Rzedowski, 2001</xref>), lo que significa que la sucesión está en un estadio intermedio; aquí se registraron valores bajos de liberación potencial de CO<sub>2</sub>. En cambio, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Susyan <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref> observaron que las tasas de respiración basal del suelo, así como la biomasa microbiana aumentan durante el proceso de sucesión posterior al abandono de las tierras de uso agrícola, lo cual atribuyen a un aumento en las entradas y acumulación de C orgánico en el suelo.</p>
			<p>Por lo que respecta a la relación entre la liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> y algunas características edáficas, era de esperarse una reducción de las tasas de respiración debido a una alteración de la estructura del suelo, consecuente a las actividades humanas dentro de la CRM; en general, estas tienden a resultar en una compactación del suelo, y una reducción del flujo de oxígeno y agua a lo largo del perfil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Tan, 2000</xref>), lo que limita la actividad microbiana; por ello, el grado de compactación se refleja en valores altos de densidad aparente. Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Torbert y Wood (1992)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Pengthamkeerati <italic>et al.</italic> (2005)</xref> consignaron una reducción de 60 a 65 % de los flujos de CO<sub>2</sub> del suelo, con valores de densidad aparente de 1.4 - 1.8 g m<sup>-3</sup>. Adicionalmente, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Li <italic>et al.</italic> (2002)</xref> observaron un decaimiento de 26 a 39 % en la abundancia de bacterias, hongos y actinomicetos en el suelo, en respuesta a un incremento de la densidad aparente. En este trabajo los valores de densidad estuvieron en el intervalo de 0.9 y 1.3 g cm<sup>-3</sup>, lo cual indica que el suelo no tiene problemas de compactación y que presenta una buena estructura, a pesar de los diferentes usos de suelo que existen en la CRM.</p>
			<p>El pH ácido y un alto contenido de materiales recalcitrantes favorecen el establecimiento de las comunidades fúngicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Joergensen y Wichern, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Paul, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Kamble y Bååth, 2016</xref>), de ahí que se haya registrado una relación lineal positiva y significativa entre la liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> de la biomasa fúngica y esas dos variables. Los resultados son consistentes con los de Lou y Zhou (2006) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref>, quienes documentan que los hongos son más resistentes a pH ácidos que las bacterias en suelos forestales. No obstante, los datos del estudio en la CRM presentan un claro decremento de las tasas de respiración microbiana a valores de pH menores a 5. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Sinsabaugh <italic>et al.</italic> (2008)</xref> consignan que los pH muy bajos limitan la actividad extracelular enzimática de los hongos, lo cual explicaría lo observado en este trabajo.</p>
			<p>La relación C/N de la fracción foliar de la hojarasca de <italic>A. religiosa</italic> es de 50 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barajas, 2014</xref>), lo que indica que es un sustrato de difícil degradación, en tanto que la relación C/N de la materia orgánica del suelo en la época de lluvias varió de 20 a 25 y en secas alcanzó solo valores de 15. La mayor liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> se registró con una relación C/N de la materia orgánica del suelo de 25, lo cual se observó en la época de lluvias, de manera que una buena calidad, aunada al agua presente en el suelo, favorecen la actividad microbiana.</p>
			<p>Diversos autores han observado una respuesta muy marcada de las tasas de respiración microbiana en relación a la estacionalidad, presentándose los valores más altos durante la temporada de lluvias, lo cual es resultado de una mayor disponibilidad de nutrientes y agua en el suelo y a la consecuente activación de la comunidad microbiana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Raich y Schlesinger, 1992</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Yan <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Wood <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>). Por otro lado, en los periodos de sequía el acceso a los nutrientes se torna limitado conforme la capa de agua dentro del suelo se reduce (Lou y Zhou, 2006; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Barnard <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>), lo que resulta en tasas de descomposición más bajas y, por ende, de respiración. En la CRM se registró aproximadamente el doble de liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> en la temporada de lluvias, con respecto a la de secas, hecho que concuerda con lo citado en estudios realizados en ecosistemas templados, tropicales húmedos y en ambientes transformados, como los cultivos y pastizales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Munson <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Carbone <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Thomey <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Galicia <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>El que se haya registrado una relación lineal positiva entre la liberación de CO<sub>2</sub> y el contenido de humedad en el suelo durante la temporada de secas, podría deberse a que los hongos poseen mayor resistencia a la desecación asociada a su crecimiento micelial, que permite extender sus hifas a lo largo de los poros del suelo para la absorción nutrientes y agua (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">De Vries <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Paul, 2015</xref>). Asimismo, los hongos como estrategas k de crecimiento producen mayor cantidad de enzimas para acceder al uso de más formas orgánicas de C acumuladas durante este periodo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Waldrop <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>Los resultados indican que los sitios en las primeras etapas de un proceso de sucesión y que tienen menos área basal en la CRM, generan una liberación potencial alta de CO<sub>2</sub> en el suelo.</p>
			<p>También, se corrobora la relación entre algunas características del suelo y la actividad microbiana; el contenido gravimétrico de humedad, el pH, la densidad aparente y la calidad de la materia orgánica modifican la liberación potencial de CO<sub>2</sub>. Por lo tanto, se trata de un proceso multifactorial. </p>
			<p>Finalmente, se sugiere la recuperación de las áreas perturbadas para disminuir las emisiones de CO<sub>2</sub> del suelo a la atmósfera de la Ciudad de México.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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			<title>Agradecimientos</title>
			<p>Al Programa de Investigación en Cambio Climático 2012 (PINCC): “La cuenca del río Magdalena, D.F. como sitio de referencia para el monitoreo de los efectos del cambio climático”, por el apoyo y financiamiento para la realización de este proyecto.</p>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Scientific article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Edaphic microbial CO<sub>2</sub> in a forest of <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> (Kunth) Schltdl. &amp; Cham. in Mexico City</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn3">
					<label>Conflict of interests</label>
					<p> The authors declare no conflict of interests.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn4">
					<label>Contribution by author</label>
					<p> Guadalupe Barajas Guzmán: field work, analysis of results and writing of the article; Dulce Hernández Rosales: field and laboratory work; Sally Paredes García: field and laboratory work; Juan Carlos Peña Becerril: field work and review of the manuscript; Javier Álvarez Sánchez: field work and review of the manuscript.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Microbial respiration plays a key role in the C cycle and contributes to the production of CO<sub>2</sub>, so it is important to identify the changes and agents that alter microbial communities and, therefore, soil respiration rates. Few studies have focused on characterizing microbial respiration in urban forests subject to changes in land use. The production of microbial CO<sub>2</sub> from the soil of six sites with different tree cover in an <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> forest (0, 100, 170, 180, 240 and 310 cm<sup>2</sup>) was examined, and its relation with soil properties in the <italic>Magdalena</italic> river basin in Mexico City. A plot of 25 × 25 m was established in each site, the basimetric area was obtained and the shrub and herbaceous species were identified, soil were collected to measure the CO<sub>2</sub> released by the microbial biomass (bacterial and fungal). The gravimetric moisture content, bulk density, pH, and total C and N were measured too. The CO<sub>2</sub> from the fungal biomass was highest than the bacterial; highest values were observed in the rainy season. A positive linear relationship was found between CO<sub>2</sub> and the moisture content, bulk density, pH and C/N ratio. The soils of sites that are in in early stages of natural regeneration with less basimetric area, produce a high release of CO<sub>2</sub>. Vegetation and soil properties influenced microbial activity.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words</title>
				<kwd>Basimetric area</kwd>
				<kwd>fungal biomass</kwd>
				<kwd>urban forest</kwd>
				<kwd>microbial CO<sub>2</sub></kwd>
				<kwd>natural regeneration</kwd>
				<kwd>C/N ratio</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>The <italic>Magdalena</italic> river basin is part of the conservation soil of Mexico City and is classified as a National Park; despite this, there are changes in land use and areas for grazing and agricultural crops (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Jujnovsky <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), which has negative effects on the physical and chemical properties of the soil, which modify the functioning of the ecosystem (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Tischer <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>The main plant communities in the basin are the <italic>Pinus hartwegii</italic> Lindl<italic>., Abies religiosa</italic> (Kunth) Schltdl. &amp; Cham. and <italic>Quercus rugosa</italic> Née forests, with different associations of species within them. Studies in the area have shown that the <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> forest has a high productivity (10.78 ± 1.13 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> year<sup>-1</sup>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Delgadillo, 2011</xref>); It also records the highest rate of decomposition, since in a previous study, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barajas (2014)</xref> concluded that the rate of weight loss of the leaf fraction of <italic>A. religiosa</italic> doubled the value of that of <italic>Q. rugosa</italic> and is higher than that of <italic>P. hartwegii</italic>. In addition, it contains a greater amount of water in the ground and a high quality of organic matter, which favors the activity of the disintegrating organisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barajas, 2014</xref>). Therefore, it is interesting to evaluate the release of CO<sub>2</sub> in this urban forest in the context of carbon circulation, since there is very little information about it in literature, both for fir and urban forests, as is the case with the <italic>Magdalena</italic> river basin.</p>
				<p>On a global scale, soil respiration generates 68 to 77 × 10<sup>15</sup> g C per year (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Raich and Schlesinger, 1992</xref>); around one third of this C comes from the respiration of the roots and the rest from the activity of microorganisms during the process of decomposition of dead organic matter (Lou and Zhou, 2006; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Noh <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Galicia <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), so that this process plays an important role in the global carbon cycle and in the concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere. Therefore, it is of great importance for its implications on climate change and environmental policies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Latimer and Risk, 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>CO<sub>2</sub> production is influenced by several biotic and abiotic factors, as well as by their interaction. Environmental factors include temperature, humidity, O<sub>2</sub> concentration, nutrient availability, soil texture and pH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Wood <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Zimmerman <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). Vegetation affects soil respiration, indirectly, by modifying the microclimate and soil structure, and also by the quantity and quality of organic materials it provides. Quality is determined by the content of labile and recalcitrant compounds of the litter (C:N ratio); rapid decomposition indicates a higher concentration of labile components in relation to the recalcitrant (C:N low), which promotes the rate of decomposition and, therefore, leads to high respiration rates; and, directly, since the respiration of the roots is one of the main contributors to CO<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hasset and Banwart, 1992</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Raich and Tufekcioglu, 2000</xref>).</p>
				<p>Since all these factors are modified by land use change in, it is interesting to assess their impact on the respiration of the soil biota. Currently, it is estimated that between 30 and 66 % of the national territory are under some agricultural or livestock use (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Dupuy <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>) and the loss of forest resources is between 500 000 and 631 000 ha per year (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Díaz-Gallegos <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>Field studies that estimate respiration in Mexican soils are scarce (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Campos, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Covaleda <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Campos, 2014</xref>) and laboratory tests (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Álvarez and Anzueto, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Ikkonen <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alcántara, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cruz <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Cueva <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>), and none has been carried in the green areas of Mexico City. Therefore, the present work was carried out whose objective was to determine and contrast the microbial activity through breathing, in areas with different basimetric area in the <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> forest of the <italic>Magdalena</italic> river basin.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materials and Methods</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Study area</title>
					<p>The study was carried out in the <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> forest belonging to the <italic>Magdalena</italic> River Basin (CRM, for its acronym in Spanish). It is a tall, evergreen forest with dense areas that reaches 100 % of vegetation cover and with the dominance of the tree and shrub strata, although there are also open areas due to disturbances and livestock. It is located on steep slopes, at 2 750-3 500 masl. In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 1</xref>, the sampling sites along the <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> forest appear in white and the basimetric area corresponding to each site is indicated.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f9">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title><italic>Magdalena</italic> river basin at the southeast of Mexico City.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2007-1132-remcf-11-57-108-gf9.jpg"/>
							<attrib>Source: modified from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Santibáñez (2009)</xref>.</attrib>
							<attrib><italic>Mapa de altitudes y unidades ambientales de la CRM</italic> = Map of altitudes and environmental units of the CRM; <italic>Zonas de muestreo =</italic> Sampling areas.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The minimum rainfall recorded is 1 000 mm in the lower and maximum, and up to 1 500 mm in the highest peaks. There are two types of climates, from 2 400 to 2 800 masl, with a sub-humid climate with an average annual temperature between 12 °C and 18 °C. A semi-cold climate and an average annual temperature between 5 °C and 12 °C predominate from 2 800 to 3 800 masl (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">García, 1988</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 2</xref> shows the temperature and precipitation data corresponding to the study period.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f10">
							<label>Figure 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Average temperature and total precipitation per month of the study period in the <italic>Magdalena</italic> river basin of Mexico City. </title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="https://cienciasforestales.inifap.gob.mx/index.php/forestales/article/download/552/2079/10570"/>
							<attrib>Source: <italic>Desviación Alta al Pedregal</italic> metheorological station.</attrib>
							<attrib><italic>Temperatura =</italic> Temperature; <italic>Meses del año</italic> = Months of the year; <italic>Precipitación</italic> = Precipitation.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The soil in the forest of <italic>A. religiosa</italic> in the CRM is a humic Andosol (FAO-UNESCO) with medium silty texture to sandy loam (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">INEGI, 2006</xref>). The canopy reaches 20 to 30 m high; the shrub layer is 2 to 3 m high and a herbaceous layer is present. The following plant associations have been reported: <italic>A. religiosa - Roldana angulifolia</italic> (DC.) H. Rob. &amp; Brettell and <italic>A. religiosa - Acaena elongata</italic> L. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Almeida <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Selection of sites</title>
					<p>The study was carried out in September 2013 (rainy season) and in May 2014 (dry season). Six sites with different vegetation cover were chosen (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>) where a 25 × 25 m square was plotted per site, in which the number of species and the perimeter at breast height (PAP) of <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> trees were recorded to obtain the basimetric area.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Basimetric area of standing trees, vegetal richness and name of the most abundant species in each one of the sites of the <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> (Kunth) Schltdl.&amp; Cham. forest in the <italic>Magdalena</italic> river basin of Mexico City.</title>
							</caption>
							<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin" align="center">Basimetric area (cm<sup>2</sup>)</th>
										<th style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin" align="center">0</th>
										<th style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin" align="center">100</th>
										<th style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin" align="center">170</th>
										<th style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin" align="center">180</th>
										<th style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin" align="center">240</th>
										<th style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin" align="center">310</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Vegetal richness</td>
										<td align="center">18</td>
										<td align="center">9</td>
										<td align="center">24</td>
										<td align="center">26</td>
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td  style="border-bottom: solid thin;" align="center">Dominant species</td>
										<td  style="border-bottom: solid thin;" align="center"><italic>Bromus carinatus</italic> Hook. &amp; Arn.</td>
										<td  style="border-bottom: solid thin;" align="center"><italic>Acaena elongata</italic> L.</td>
										<td  style="border-bottom: solid thin;" align="center"><italic>Salvia gesneriflora</italic> Lindl. &amp; Paxton</td>
										<td  style="border-bottom: solid thin;" align="center"><italic>Senecio angulifolius</italic> DC.</td>
										<td  style="border-bottom: solid thin;" align="center"><italic>Senecio angulifolius</italic> DC.</td>
										<td  style="border-bottom: solid thin;" align="center"><italic>Abies religiosa</italic> (Kunth) Schltdl. &amp; Cham.</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>There were no trees in the most disturbed sites, the richness of herbs was 18 species and the most abundant was <italic>Bromus carinatus</italic> Hook. &amp; Arn., which is a weed native to Mexico and is used as fodder (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Rzedowski and Rzedowski, 2001</xref>); at the other end of the conservation gradient, the conserved site is located with the dominant presence of trees of <italic>A. religiosa</italic>. The site with the greatest richness (26 species) presented a basimetric area of 180 cm<sup>2</sup> and the dominant shrub was <italic>Senecio angulifolius</italic> DC. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>), characteristic species of intermediate successional stages in temperate forests (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Rzedowski and Rzedowski, 2001</xref>).</p>
					<p>In the corner and center of each frame, a soil sample was collected at 10 cm deep with a 200-A Soilmoisture auger (10 cm high × 7 cm in diameter). Five replications per site were obtained in each of the seasons (rainy and dry). The samples were stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C until processing. At the same time, at each point a second unaltered soil sample was collected with a 100 cm<sup>3</sup> auger.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Preparation and analysis</title>
					<p>The first five samples were screened with a 2.38 mm mesh opening to estimate bacterial and fungal respiration, and gravimetric moisture content. In the unaltered sample the apparent density, the concentration of carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N), as well as the pH were measured.</p>
					<p>The C and N analyzes were performed in the Soil Fertility Laboratory of the <italic>Colegio de Postgraduados</italic> (Graduate College) (Colpos). Total nitrogen was determined by acid digestion with sulfuric acid and colorimetric analysis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Technicon Industrial Systems, 1977</xref>). Total C was determined by the modified Walkley-Black method (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Technicon Industrial Systems, 1977</xref>).</p>
					<p>To determine the apparent density, the unaltered soil sample was dried at 105 °C until it reached a constant weight (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Siebe <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>).</p>
					<p>The pH was recorded using a PC18 Conductronic potentiometer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Hendershot <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>).</p>
					<p>The gravimetric moisture content was determined by weighing 50 g of soil collected in the field and placed in an ED53-UL#02-30777 <italic>Binder</italic> drying oven at 105 °C until reaching a constant weight (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Jarrell <italic>et al</italic>., 1999</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Microbial respiration</title>
					<p>The Isermeyer technique (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alef, 1995</xref>) was followed to measure the release of CO<sub>2</sub> by the total microbial biomass of the soil, which consists of placing a known weight of soil (not wetted) in a 100 mL beaker inside jars with a tight-fitting lid, in which a 0.05 M NaOH solution was added; these were placed in an incubator at 25 °C for three days. At the end of this period, 5 mL of 0.5 M barium chloride solution (BaCl<sub>2</sub>) and four drops of indicator (0.05 M phenolphthalein solution) were added and the samples turned pink. Finally, the pink solution was titrated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) at a concentration of 0.05 M, until it became colorless. The amount of CO<sub>2</sub> was determined from the volume of HCl used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alef, 1995</xref>).</p>
					<p>The same technique was used for fungal biomass, but 85 % lactic acid (C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) was added to eliminate bacterial populations, and thus, evaluate the release of CO<sub>2</sub> by fungi (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Van Netten <italic>et al</italic>., 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Dubal <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Wolf <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). To obtain the release of the bacterial CO<sub>2</sub>, the fungal CO<sub>2</sub> was subtracted from the total microbial CO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
					<p>The control bottles had no soil, and with them the same procedure was performed.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>For the analysis of the release of CO<sub>2</sub>, an analysis of variance (complying with the assumptions of normality and homocedasticity) was performed in three ways considering as factors the source of CO<sub>2</sub> (bacterial, fungal), the site (basimetric area) and seasonality of rainfall, and when significant differences appeared, the Tukey test was performed. Linear regressions were also made between edaphic variables and CO<sub>2</sub> release. All analyzes were performed with 95 % confidence in the STATISTICA 8.0 statistical package (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">StatSoft Inc., 2007</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<p>Significant differences in CO<sub>2</sub> release were recorded between bacterial biomass and fungal biomass (F<sub>(1,96)</sub> = 138.34; P &lt;0.0001). The potential release of CO<sub>2</sub> from the fungal biomass was superior to the bacterial one (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f11">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>CO<sub>2</sub> potential release of the bacterial and fungi biomass in the <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> (Kunth) Schltdl. &amp; Cham. forest in the <italic>Magdalena</italic> river basin of Mexico City.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-1132-remcf-11-57-108-gf11.jpg"/>
						<attrib>Different letters indicate significant differences (P &lt; 0.0001).</attrib>
						<attrib><italic>Respiración</italic> = Respiration; <italic>Bacteriana</italic> = Bacterial; <italic>Fúngica</italic> = Fungi.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The CO<sub>2</sub> release also showed significant differences between seasons (F<sub>(1,96)</sub> = 279.55; P &lt;0.0001). There was 1.6 times greater breathing in the rainy season compared to the dry season (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f12">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>CO<sub>2</sub> potential release in the rainy season and in the dry season in the <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> (Kunth) Schltdl. &amp; Cham. forest in the <italic>Magdalena</italic> river basin of Mexico City.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-1132-remcf-11-57-108-gf12.jpg"/>
						<attrib>Different letters indicate significant differences (P &lt; 0.0001).</attrib>
						<attrib><italic>Respiración</italic> = Respiration; <italic>Lluvias =</italic> Rainy season; <italic>Secas =</italic> Dry season<italic>.</italic></attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The CO<sub>2</sub> emission at the sites recorded significant differences (F<sub>(5,96)</sub> = 32.4; P &lt;0.0001). The highest value was presented on the site with a basimetric area of 100 cm<sup>2</sup> and the lowest in that with 240 cm<sup>2</sup>; there was a 40 % difference between these two sites (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). At the site with the highest basimetric area (absence of undergrowth and herbaceous stratum), 13 % less CO<sub>2</sub> release occurred compared to the highest value.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Potential release of microbial CO<sub>2</sub> (mean ± standard deviation) from six sites with different basimetric area in the <italic>Abies religiosa</italic> (Kunth) Schltdl. &amp; Cham. in <italic>Magdalena</italic> river basin of Mexico City. </title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin" align="center">Basimetric area (cm<sup>2</sup>)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin" align="center">CO<sub>2</sub> (mg CO<sub>2</sub> g<sup>-1</sup> día<sup>-1</sup>) Average</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0.106 (±0.055) CD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">0.155 (±0.072) A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">170</td>
									<td align="center">0.116 (±0.072) C</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">180</td>
									<td align="center">0.108 (±0.033) CD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">240</td>
									<td align="center">0.094 (±0.040) E</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td  style="border-bottom: solid thin;" align="center">310</td>
									<td  style="border-bottom: solid thin;" align="center">0.135 (±0.042) B</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>Different letters indicate significant differences (P &lt; 0.0001).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The interaction between the source of CO<sub>2</sub> release and the season was significant (F<sub>(1,96)</sub> = 90.42; P &lt;0.0001). The highest value corresponded to the combination of fungal biomass in the rainy season, and the CO<sub>2</sub> release was approximately double than recorded in the dry season in each of the groups of microorganisms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f13">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>CO<sub>2</sub> potential release of the bacterial and fungal biomass in the rainy and dry season in the <italic>Magdalena</italic> river basin of Mexico City.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-1132-remcf-11-57-108-gf13.jpg"/>
						<attrib>Different letters indicate significant differences (P &lt; 0.0001).</attrib>
						<attrib><italic>Respiración</italic> = Respiration; <italic>Lluvias =</italic> Rainy season; <italic>Secas =</italic> Dry season<italic>; Bacteriana</italic> = Bacterial; <italic>Fúngica</italic> = Fungi.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The interaction between the source of CO<sub>2</sub> release and sites with different basimetric area was also significant (F<sub>(5,96)</sub> = 34.94; P &lt;0.0001). The lowest values corresponded to bacterial biomass at sites with 170 and 180 cm<sup>2</sup> of basimeric area, and the highest were at sites of 170 and 310 cm<sup>2</sup> in combination with fungal biomass.</p>
				<p>Also, the interaction between season and sites with different basimetric area was significant (F<sub>(5,96)</sub> = 35.18; P &lt;0.0001). In the dry season, the lowest value was found in the site with 240 cm<sup>2</sup> of basimetric area, while the highest corresponded to the site with a basimetric area of 100 cm<sup>2</sup> in the rainy season.</p>
				<p>Finally, the interaction between the CO<sub>2</sub> release source, the season and the sites with different basimetric area was significant (F<sub>(5,96)</sub>= 36.65; P &lt;0.0001); the lowest average corresponded to bacterial biomass in the rainy season at the site of 170 cm<sup>2</sup> of basimetric area, and the highest to fungal biomass in rains at the site of 100 cm<sup>2</sup>.</p>
				<p>Although differences in CO<sub>2</sub> release between sites were detected, the relationship between the basimetric area and respiration was not significant, but there were linear relationships with some of the soil variables. The potential release of CO<sub>2</sub> from bacterial biomass was linearly and positively related to the gravimetric moisture content in the soil (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.36, F<sub>(1,28)</sub> = 15.54; P &lt;0.001) and to the bulk density (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.52, F<sub>(1,28)</sub> = 29.89; P &lt;0.0001) in the rainy season (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f14">
						<label>Figure 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Relationship between the potential release of CO<sub>2</sub> from bacterial biomass and the gravimetric moisture content (a) and between the apparent density (b) in the rainy season, in the <italic>Magdalena</italic> river basin in Mexico City.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-1132-remcf-11-57-108-gf14.jpg"/>
						<attrib><italic>Respiración</italic> = Respiration; <italic>Agua en el suelo</italic> = Moisture content; <italic>Densidad aparente</italic> = Apparent density.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The release of CO<sub>2</sub> by fungal biomass was also linearly and positively related to the gravimetric moisture content in the soil during the dry season (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.67, F<sub>(1,28)</sub> = 33; P &lt;0.0001) and with the bulk density of the soil in rains (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.55, F<sub>(1,28)</sub> = 33; P &lt;0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f15">
						<label>Figure 7</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Relationship between the potential release of CO<sub>2</sub> from fungal biomass and the gravimetric moisture content in the dry season (a) and between the apparent density in the rainy season (b), in the <italic>Magdalena</italic> river basin in Mexico City.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-1132-remcf-11-57-108-gf15.jpg"/>
						<attrib><italic>Respiración</italic> = Respiration; <italic>Agua en el suelo</italic> = Moisture content; <italic>Densidad aparente</italic> = Apparent density.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Also in the rainy season, the release of CO<sub>2</sub> by the fungal biomass was linearly and positively related to the pH (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.48, F<sub>(1,28)</sub> = 25; P &lt;0.0001) and the quality of the organic matter of the soil (estimated through the C: N ratio) (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.44, F<sub>(1,28)</sub> = 22; P &lt;0.0001). The lowest respiration values are located at a pH near 4 and the highest at pH values close to 6; while the activity of fungal biomass increases at high values of the C/N ratio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figure 8</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f16">
						<label>Figure 8</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Relationship between the release of CO<sub>2</sub> from fungal biomass and pH (a) and the C / N (b) ratio, in the Magdalena river basin in Mexico City.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-1132-remcf-11-57-108-gf16.jpg"/>
						<attrib><italic>Respiración =</italic> Respiration; <italic>Relación C/N</italic> = C/N ratio.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussion</title>
				<p>The recorded CO<sub>2</sub> values in this work are within the range of values for temperate forests: 0.01 to 0.70 mg CO<sub>2</sub> g<sup>-1</sup> day<sup>-1</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bailey <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Ikkonen <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Campos, 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>Although no relationship was found between the basimetric area and the potential release of CO<sub>2</sub>, the site where a richness of 9 plant species was recorded, with the dominance of <italic>Acaena elongata</italic> and whose basimetric area is 100 cm<sup>2</sup> was the one that recorded the CO<sub>2</sub> highest values, followed by the site where there were only trees (310 cm<sup>2</sup>) of <italic>A. religiosa</italic>, suggesting, as in other studies, that heterotrophic respiration rates are modified according to changes in vegetation structure during succession, which has been observed in both temperate and subtropical forests (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Yan <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Susyan <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>In this study, the release of CO<sub>2</sub> by microbial biomass (bacteria and fungi) was different between sites, but did not follow an ascending pattern depending on the basimetric area or species richness (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). Thus, the highest value of respiration, in addition to registering at a site with few plant species (9), also coincided with the dominance of <italic>Acaena elongata</italic>, a species that indicates disturbance and has a high demand for light, and which tends to grow in spots and dominate the herbaceous stratum (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Rzedowski and Rzedowski, 2001</xref>), which prevents the establishment of other species.</p>
				<p>In two of the sites with significant presence of trees (180 and 240 cm<sup>2</sup> of basimetric area) <italic>Senecio angulifolius</italic>, dominant species that reaches up to 5 m high, favors the entry and establishment of other species in the soil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Rzedowski and Rzedowski, 2001</xref>), which means that the sequence is in an intermediate stage; low CO<sub>2</sub> potential release values were recorded here. Instead, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Susyan <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref> observed that the basal respiration rates of the soil, as well as the microbial biomass increase during the succession process after the abandonment of agricultural land, which is attributed to an increase in the entrances and accumulation of organic C in soil.</p>
				<p>In regard to the relationship between CO<sub>2</sub> release and some soil characteristics, a reduction in respiration rates due to an alteration of the soil structure, consistent with human activities within the CRM, was expected; in general, these tend to result in soil compaction, reducing the flow of oxygen and water along the soil profile (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Tan, 2000</xref>), thus limiting microbial activity, so that the degree of compaction is reflected in high values of apparent density. In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Torbert and Wood (1992)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Pengthamkeerati <italic>et al.</italic> (2005)</xref> showed a reduction between 60 and 65 % of soil CO<sub>2</sub> flows with values of apparent density in the range of 1.4 - 1.8 g m<sup>-3</sup>. Additionally, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Li <italic>et al.</italic> (2002)</xref> observed a decline between 26 and 39 % in the abundance of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the soil as a reaction to an increase in bulk density. In this work the density values were in the range of 0.9 and 1.3 g cm<sup>-3</sup>, which indicates that the soil has no compaction problems and that it has a good structure despite the different land uses that occur in the CRM.</p>
				<p>The acid pH and a high content of recalcitrant materials favor the establishment of the fungal communities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Joergensen and Wichern, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Paul, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Kamble <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>), hence a positive and significant linear relationship between the CO<sub>2</sub> release from fungal biomass and these two variables. These results are consistent with those of Lou and Zhou (2006) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Zhang <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>, who found that fungi are more resistant to acidic pH than bacteria in forest soils. However, the data in this study show a clear decrease in microbial respiration rates at pH values lower than 5. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Sinsabaugh <italic>et al.</italic> (2008)</xref> recorded that very low pH values limit the enzymatic extracellular activity of fungi, which would explain what was found in this work.</p>
				<p>The C/N ratio of the leaf fraction of the litter of <italic>A. religiosa</italic> is 50 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barajas, 2014</xref>), which indicates that it is a substrate of difficult degradation, while the C/N ratio of soil organic matter in the rainy season goes from 20 to 25 and under dry conditions it reaches only values equal to 15. The highest CO<sub>2</sub> release was recorded at values of 25 in the C/N ratio of the organic matter of the soil, which was observed during the rainy season, so that a good quality, combined with the water present in the soil, favors microbial activity.</p>
				<p>Several authors have observed a very marked response of microbial respiration rates in relation to seasonality, presenting the highest values during the rainy season, which is a consequence of a greater availability of nutrients and water in the soil and the consequent activation of the microbial community (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Raich and Schlesinger, 1992</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Yan <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Wood <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). On the other hand, during periods of drought, access to nutrients becomes limited as the water layer inside the soil is reduced (Lou and Zhou, 2006; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Barnard <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), resulting in lower decomposition rates and therefore breathing. In this work, approximately twice the release of CO<sub>2</sub> was recorded in the rainy season with respect to the dry season, which is consistent with what was reported in studies conducted in temperate ecosystems, in humid tropical and in transformed environments, such as crops and grasslands (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Munson <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Carbone <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Thomey <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Galicia <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>The fact that there has been a positive linear relationship between the release of CO<sub>2</sub> and the moisture content in the soil during the dry season, could be due to the fact that the fungi have greater resistance to desiccation associated with their mycelial growth, which It allows spreading their hyphae along the pores of the soil absorbing nutrients and water (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">De Vries <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Paul, 2015</xref>). Likewise, fungi as growth strategies k produce more enzymes to access the use of more organic forms of C accumulated during this period (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Waldrop <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p>The results in this work indicate that the sites in a succession process in their early stages and that have less basimetric area in the CRM, generate a high potential release of CO<sub>2</sub> in the soil.</p>
				<p>They also corroborate the relationship between some soil characteristics and microbial activity, the gravimetric moisture content, the pH, the apparent density and the quality of the organic matter modified the potential release of CO<sub>2</sub>. So it is a multifactorial process.</p>
				<p>Finally, it is suggested that disturbed areas should be recovered to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from the soil into the atmosphere of Mexico City.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Acknowledgements</title>
				<p>To the Research Program on Climate Change 2012 (PINCC): “The <italic>Magdalena</italic> river basin of Mexico City as a reference site for the monitoring of the effects of climatic change”, for the support and sponsoring to accomplish this project.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>