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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">remcf</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de ciencias forestales</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. de cienc. forestales</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-1132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29298/rmcf.v16i90.1544</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Científico</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Evaluación de ensayos de progenie de <italic>Cedrela odorata</italic> L. en distintas regiones de México</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-8579-1398</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Molar Peña</surname>
						<given-names>Eliana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0727-017X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Jiménez Casas</surname>
						<given-names>Marcos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5741-8350</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>López López</surname>
						<given-names>Miguel Ángel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6527-8340</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Parra Piedra</surname>
						<given-names>José Pastor</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2445-6657</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cob Uicab</surname>
						<given-names>José Vidal</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Colegio de Postgraduados, Posgrado en Ciencias Forestales, Campus Montecillo, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Posgrado en Ciencias Forestales</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Campus Montecillo</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Ruby Canyon México a TÜV SÜD Company, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Ruby Canyon México a TÜV SÜD Company</institution>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Chetumal, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Campo Experimental Chetumal</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor para correspondencia; correo-e: <email>marcosjc@colpos.mx</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn1">
					<label>Conflicto de intereses</label>
					<p>Los autores declaran no tener ningún conflicto de interés.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn2">
					<label>Contribución por autor</label>
					<p>Eliana Molar Peña: desarrollo de la investigación, toma de datos, análisis estadístico, estructura y diseño del manuscrito; Marcos Jiménez Casas: diseño, supervisión del experimento, análisis de los resultados, redacción y corrección del manuscrito; Miguel Ángel López López: diseño, supervisión del experimento y corrección del manuscrito; José Pastor Parra Piedra: supervisión y corrección del manuscrito; José Vidal Cob Uicab: supervisión y corrección del manuscrito.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jul-Aug</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>16</volume>
			<issue>90</issue>
			<fpage>113</fpage>
			<lpage>132</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>27</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Los ensayos de progenie proporcionan información sobre el desempeño de los genotipos, estabilidad y adaptación en diferentes ambientes, con la finalidad de depurar y convertirlos en huertos semilleros que produzcan semilla de alta calidad y diversidad genética. En tres ensayos de progenie de <italic>Cedrela odorata</italic> establecidos en Venustiano Carranza, Puebla, Tihuatlán, Veracruz y Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosí se planteó evaluar la variación morfológica entre sitios y familias, e identificar las familias con mejor desarrollo y crecimiento. Los ensayos se establecieron con las mismas familias, en 16 bloques completos al azar con 64 familias por bloque. A los tres años se registró el porcentaje de supervivencia, la altura, diámetro normal, altura de fuste limpio, forma de fuste, bifurcación e incidencia de <italic>Hypsipyla grandella</italic>; con estas variables se clasificó ordinalmente a las familias. Diferencias significativas se observaron entre sitios en supervivencia, altura y diámetro. Los porcentajes de supervivencia fueron 80 % en Tamazunchale, 77 % en Venustiano Carranza y 35 % en Tihuatlán. Respecto a la altura y diámetro normal, Tamazunchale tuvo los mejores promedios (5.8 m y 7.1 cm, respectivamente), seguido por Venustiano Carranza (3.5 m y 4.2 cm) y Tihuatlán (2.5 m y 2.5 cm). Dentro de los sitios, las familias 7, 45 y 62 presentaron desempeño sobresaliente y estable en los tres ambientes probados. Aunque no se detectó variación entre familias, las condiciones de cada sitio influyeron sobre el rendimiento de los árboles, destacó el ensayo de Tamazunchale con el mejor desempeño y características comerciales.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave</title>
				<kwd>Cedro rojo</kwd>
				<kwd>clasificación ordinal</kwd>
				<kwd>ensayos de progenie</kwd>
				<kwd>familias</kwd>
				<kwd>variación ambiental</kwd>
				<kwd>variación morfológica</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="2"/>
				<ref-count count="29"/>
				<page-count count="20"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>En el ámbito del mejoramiento genético de especies forestales, los ensayos de procedencias y progenies tienen como objetivo principal obtener ganancias genéticas con base en la selección de los mejores fenotipos y genotipos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">White et al., 2007</xref>). Estos ensayos inician con la selección de árboles superiores en función de su fenotipo; es decir, aquellos que presentan rendimiento sobresaliente en características evaluadas y de interés comercial en comparación con el promedio de la población natural (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Zobel &amp; Talbert, 1988</xref>).</p>
			<p>La selección fenotípica permite elegir características de interés y predecir la ganancia genética para su posterior utilización en la formación de bosques más productivos y mejor adaptados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">White et al., 2007</xref>). Estas características no se limitan únicamente al crecimiento rápido, sino que también abarcan aspectos relevantes como supervivencia, resistencia a factores ambientales adversos, calidad de la madera y producción de semillas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Flores-Flores et al., 2014</xref>). La cuantificación de la variabilidad del carácter, estimación de parámetros genéticos y heredabilidad por diferencial de selección son elementos clave en el proceso de mejoramiento genético de especies forestales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Flores-Flores et al., 2014</xref>). Además, proporcionan información valiosa para el manejo de huertos semilleros y guían a los programas de mejoramiento genético forestal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">White et al., 2007</xref>).</p>
			<p>La evaluación de la variación morfológica en ensayos de progenies es relevante para identificar individuos con características fenotípicas deseables y conocer su adaptabilidad en diferentes condiciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Quijada, 1984</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">White et al., 2007</xref>). La interacción genotipo-ambiente resulta especialmente importante en especies con una amplia distribución natural como <italic>Cedrela odorata</italic> L., ya que las progenies o procedencias pueden comportarse de manera diferente en ambientes distintos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Flores-Flores et al., 2014</xref>). Por lo tanto, es deseable que los genotipos mantengan estabilidad en sus caracteres morfológicos en diferentes ambientes, ya que al tener un comportamiento relativamente bueno y previsible demuestran potencial para responder de manera favorable en diferentes sitios considerados para establecer plantaciones más productivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Falconer &amp; Mackay, 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Quijada, 1984</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Zobel &amp; Talbert, 1988</xref>). Sin embargo, obtener genotipos con estabilidad en diferentes ambientes es complicado. Por citar algún estudio, en ensayos de progenie establecidos en dos condiciones contrastantes, con más de 40 familias de <italic>Pinus elliottii</italic> Engelm. var. <italic>elliottii</italic>, solo se identificaron cuatro familias con alta estabilidad en caracteres morfológicos de interés, lo cual indica el nivel de adaptación de las familias a su ambiente y limita su potencial productivo a la condición del sitio de plantación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Pagliarini et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>El comportamiento de las familias, en los ensayos de progenie, durante los primeros años refleja la variación de la expresión de diversas características, las cuales están influenciadas por la calidad del sitio, el manejo y la interacción con factores bióticos y abióticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Rodríguez-Vásquez et al., 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>En áreas tropicales y subtropicales, <italic>C. odorata</italic> tiene un alto valor económico por la calidad de su madera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Olvera-Moreno et al., 2022</xref>). En México, ocupa el segundo lugar en términos de establecimiento de plantaciones forestales comerciales, después del género <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> spp., con una extensión de 20 705 ha (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Velázquez Martínez et al., 2011</xref>). En conjunto, representan 60 % de la superficie plantada en el país, especialmente en los estados de Veracruz, Tabasco y Campeche (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Palma-López et al., 2007</xref>). Por lo anterior, los objetivos del presente estudio fueron: (1) evaluar la variación en características morfológicas y de crecimiento entre familias establecidas en tres ensayos de progenie de <italic>C. odorata</italic> bajo diferentes condiciones ambientales, y (2) identificar las familias con mejor desempeño.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materiales y Métodos</title>
			<p>Los ensayos se establecieron en el año 2018, en las localidades Tamazunchale, en el estado de San Luis Potosí; Tihuatlán en Veracruz; y Venustiano Carranza en Puebla (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>), que corresponden a lugares con características contrastantes entre sí (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática [INEGI], 2010a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">2010b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">2010c</xref>). En cada ensayo se consideraron 64 familias procedentes de Veracruz (23 familias), Puebla (17 familias), San Luis Potosí (11 familias), Tamaulipas (3 familias) e Hidalgo (10 familias).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Ubicación geográfica y características de los sitios de establecimiento de los ensayos de progenie de <italic>Cedrela odorata</italic> L.</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">Ubicación</th>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">Latitud N y <break/>longitud O</th>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">Altitud<break/>(msnm)</th>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">Temperatura <break/>media anual <break/>(°C)</th>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">Precipitación <break/>media anual <break/>(mm)</th>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">Tipo de <break/>suelo</th>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">Exposición</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Venustiano <break/>Carranza, Puebla</td>
								<td align="center">20°28'26.3&quot; <break/>97°41'59.0&quot;</td>
								<td align="center">330</td>
								<td align="center">22-26</td>
								<td align="center">1 400 a 1 600</td>
								<td align="left">Vertisol</td>
								<td align="left">Cenital</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Tihuatlán, <break/>Veracruz</td>
								<td align="center">20°33'44.9&quot; <break/>97°29'6.2&quot;</td>
								<td align="center">164</td>
								<td align="center">24-26</td>
								<td align="center">1 100 a 1 300</td>
								<td align="left">Regosol</td>
								<td align="left">Cenital</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">Tamazunchale, <break/>San Luis Potosí</td>
								<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">21°28'39&quot; <break/>98°58'45&quot;</td>
								<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">140</td>
								<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">20-24</td>
								<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">1 500 a 3 000</td>
								<td align="left" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">Leptosol</td>
								<td align="left" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">Cenital-norte</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Entre marzo y mayo de 2018 se establecieron los tres ensayos con plantas de las 64 familias de entre 6 y 8 meses de edad, con una altura de 30 a 40 cm y un diámetro al cuello de la raíz de 35 a 50 mm.</p>
			<p>La planta se produjo en tubetes de plástico de 680 mL, llenados con una mezcla de <italic>Peat moss</italic>
 <sup>(</sup> (60 %), vermiculita (20 %), perlita (20 %) y <italic>Osmocote</italic>
 <sup>(</sup> 9-45-15 (3 g por cada 680 g de sustrato). El riego se aplicó cada tres o cuatro días, mediante un sistema de riego robotizado, con fertilización programada una vez por semana con fertilizante marca <italic>Peters</italic>
 <sup>(</sup> 20-10-20 (3 g L<sup>-1</sup>). Se siguió un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar (BCA), con una planta por familia por bloque como unidad experimental, a un espaciamiento de 4×4 m en 16 bloques. Por lo tanto, en cada bloque se incorporaron 64 plantas y por ensayo, un total de 1 024 ejemplares.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Variables evaluadas</title>
				<p>Al momento de la evaluación, solo se consideraron 57 de las 64 familias en el análisis, ya que siete se descartaron por presentar 100 % de árboles muertos.</p>
				<p>En cada ensayo se determinó el porcentaje de supervivencia (<italic>SUP</italic>) (vivo: árboles en pie con hojas verdes y brotes en crecimiento en las copas; muerto: árboles sin tejidos vivos en pie o derribados con ausencia de hojas y brotes en las copas), la altura total (<italic>ALT</italic>; m) (pértiga telescópica±1 cm, sin marca registrada), altura de fuste limpio (<italic>AFL</italic>; cm) (pértiga telescópica±1 cm, sin marca registrada) y diámetro normal (<italic>DN</italic>; mm) (vernier digital±0.05 mm, <italic>Mitutoyo</italic>
 <sup>®</sup> modelo 573-282). La forma del fuste (<italic>FOR</italic>) se determinó con base en cuatro categorías: (1) Muy torcido, (2) Torcido, (3) Ligeramente torcido, y (4) Recto; bifurcaciones (<italic>BIF</italic>): (1) Bifurcada desde un tercio inferior, (2) Bifurcada desde un tercio medio, (3) Bifurcada solo en un tercio superior, y (4) No bifurcada; e incidencia de ataque por <italic>Hypsipyla grandella</italic> (Zeller) (<italic>NIV</italic>) con base en la cantidad de perforaciones en el árbol: (1) Alta: en todo el fuste, brotes y ramas, (2) Media: en brotes y ramas, y (3) Baja: solo en brotes.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>La verificación de los supuestos de normalidad y homogeneidad de varianzas se determinaron mediante la prueba <italic>Shapiro</italic>-<italic>Wilk</italic> con el procedimiento <italic>UNIVARIATE</italic> de <italic>SAS</italic>
 <sup>©</sup> versión 9.1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">SAS Institute Inc., 2004</xref>) para las variables <italic>SUP</italic> (<italic>p</italic>=0.9342), <italic>ALT</italic> (<italic>p</italic>=0.9556) y <italic>DN</italic> (<italic>p</italic>=0.9678). Se realizó un análisis de varianza (<italic>α</italic>&lt;0.05) con el procedimiento <italic>GLM</italic> de <italic>SAS</italic>
 <sup>©</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">SAS Institute Inc., 2004</xref>). El modelo estadístico utilizado fue:</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e1">
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									<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>k</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
							<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>k</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>Donde:</p>
				<p><italic>Y</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>ijk</italic>
</sub> = Valor observado en el individuo de la <italic>k-ésima</italic> familia, en el <italic>j-ésimo</italic> bloque anidado en el <italic>i-ésimo</italic> sitio</p>
				<p><italic>µ</italic> = Media general</p>
				<p><italic>S</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>i</italic>
</sub> = Efecto fijo del <italic>i-ésimo</italic> sitio</p>
				<p><italic>β</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>j(i)</italic>
</sub> = Efecto fijo del <italic>j-ésimo</italic> bloque anidado en el <italic>i-ésimo</italic> sitio</p>
				<p><italic>F</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>k</italic>
</sub> = Efecto aleatorio de la <italic>k-ésima</italic> familia <italic>~NID</italic> (0, <italic>σ</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>2</italic>
</sup> 
 <sub>
 <italic>f</italic>
</sub> )</p>
				<p><italic>SF</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>ik</italic>
</sub> = Efecto aleatorio de la interacción sitio×familia <italic>~NID</italic> (0, <italic>σ</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>2</italic>
</sup> 
 <sub>
 <italic>sf</italic>
</sub> )</p>
				<p><italic>е</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>ijk</italic>
</sub> = Error experimental <italic>~NID</italic> (0, <italic>σ</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>2</italic>
</sup> 
 <sub>
 <italic>e</italic>
</sub> )</p>
				<p><italic>i</italic> = 1, 2 y 3 (sitios)</p>
				<p><italic>j</italic> = 1, …16 (bloques)</p>
				<p><italic>k</italic> = 1, …57 (familias)</p>
				<p>Posteriormente, se llevó a cabo la separación de medias mediante la prueba de <italic>Tukey</italic> (<italic>α</italic>&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">SAS Institute Inc., 2004</xref>). La clasificación de las familias se hizo mediante el procedimiento sugerido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Dlamini et al. (2017)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Edward et al. (2014)</xref> y a cada variable evaluada (<italic>SUP</italic>, <italic>ALT</italic>, <italic>AFL</italic>, <italic>DN</italic>, <italic>FOR</italic>, <italic>BIF</italic> y <italic>NIV</italic>) se le asignó un valor categórico continuo, los cuales variaron desde el mejor (con 1 punto asignado) y sucesivamente hasta el peor (con 57 puntos asignados) por cada familia. Entonces, los datos por variable fueron promediados para obtener el promedio general (<italic>MEDIA</italic>) de las siete variables en cada familia. Posteriormente, las familias se agruparon y clasificaron (CLAS) con base en los promedios (<italic>MEDIA</italic>), de manera descendente, usando el procedimiento <italic>PROC RANK</italic> de <italic>SAS</italic>
 <sup>©</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">SAS Institute Inc., 2004</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>Resultados y Discusión</title>
			<p>El factor sitio influyó significativamente (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.0001) sobre la supervivencia, altura y diámetro; sin embargo, no se obtuvo significancia entre familias, ni en la interacción entre ambos factores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Valores de probabilidad (<italic>P</italic>) obtenidos en el análisis de varianza para las variables de supervivencia, altura y diámetro de familias de <italic>Cedrela odorata</italic> L.</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">FV</th>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">GL</th>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">Supervivencia</th>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>ALT</italic></th>
								<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>DN</italic></th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Sitio</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Familia</td>
								<td align="center">56</td>
								<td align="center">0.3297</td>
								<td align="center">0.6775</td>
								<td align="center">0.9572</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">Sitio×Familia</td>
								<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">112</td>
								<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">0.1106</td>
								<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">0.9364</td>
								<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">0.9897</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>FV = Fuente de variación; GL = Grados de libertad; <italic>ALT</italic> = Altura total; <italic>DN</italic> = Diámetro normal.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Efecto del sitio en la supervivencia</title>
				<p>El porcentaje promedio de supervivencia entre los tres ensayos fue superior a 60 %. Los árboles de los ensayos de Venustiano Carranza y Tamazunchale tuvieron mayor supervivencia (&gt;70 %) que los de Tihuatlán (35 %) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). En estudios anteriores se ha observado que la mortalidad en las plantaciones está, principalmente, asociada con las condiciones ambientales y prácticas de silvicultura de cada sitio, así como con la falta de protección adecuada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Grignola et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Efecto del sitio en los porcentajes de supervivencia de los árboles de <italic>Cedrela odorta</italic> L.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="https://cienciasforestales.inifap.gob.mx/index.php/forestales/article/download/1544/3904/30997"/>
						<attrib>Medias con letra diferente son estadísticamente diferentes con <italic>p</italic>≤0.05. Error estándar representado en las líneas ubicadas por encima de las barras.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>En el ensayo de Tihuatlán se registró una supervivencia de 35 % debido a las condiciones del terreno, en donde se presentaron problemas de anegamiento excesivo del suelo, lo que provocó hipoxia y anoxia que afectan negativamente las funciones de la planta, incluida la fotosíntesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lee et al., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Peña-Castro, 2014</xref>). Otros factores asociados fueron la competencia con malezas y la presencia de plantas trepadoras, las cuales suprimieron el crecimiento de los árboles de <italic>C. odorata</italic>, los cuales una vez debilitados fueron más susceptibles al ataque de plagas y enfermedades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Da Ponte Canova &amp; Salas, 2009</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Efecto del sitio en altura y diámetro</title>
				<p>Los árboles establecidos en Tamazunchale alcanzaron alturas significativamente mayores que los de Venustiano Carranza y Tihuatlán, con una diferencia de aproximadamente 2.3 y 3.3 m, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref>). En cuanto al <italic>DN</italic>, los árboles en el ensayo de Tamazunchale exhibieron diámetros superiores a 5.5 cm, y superaron en más de 2.8 y 4.6 cm a los árboles de Venustiano Carranza y Tihuatlán, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2B</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Efecto del sitio sobre la altura total y el diámetro normal de árboles de <italic>Cedrela odorata</italic> L.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="https://cienciasforestales.inifap.gob.mx/index.php/forestales/article/download/1544/3904/30998"/>
						<attrib>A = Altura total (<italic>ALT</italic>; m); B = Diámetro normal (<italic>DN</italic>; cm). Medias con letra diferente son estadísticamente diferentes con <italic>α</italic>≤0.05. Las líneas ubicadas por encima de las barras representan el error estándar.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Las condiciones de menor altitud, mayor precipitación anual, suelo con buen drenaje (Leptosol) y la exposición norte en Tamazunchale favorecieron el crecimiento en altura (<italic>ALT</italic>) y diámetro (<italic>DN</italic>) de los árboles, en contraste con los de Venustiano Carranza y Tihuatlán. En condiciones óptimas de precipitación (1 200 a 3 000 mm), la especie presenta altas tasas de crecimiento en altura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alonso-Báez et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>El crecimiento de los árboles y su adaptación a las condiciones ambientales son aspectos importantes para comprender tanto su respuesta al clima, como las estrategias de adaptación genética (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mondino, 2014</xref>). Además, en este mismo ensayo se realizaron labores culturales en lo relativo al control de malezas y podas, a diferencia de los otros dos ensayos. Es recomendable llevar a cabo prácticas regulares de control de malezas para evitar la competencia entre individuos durante los primeros tres años de establecimiento de la plantación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Toro Vergara, 2004</xref>).</p>
				<p>La presencia del barrenador <italic>Hypsipyla grandella</italic> representa un riesgo significativo para las plantaciones, ya que afecta el crecimiento de los árboles y la calidad de la madera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cornelius &amp; Watt, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Santos Murgas et al., 2015</xref>). El monitoreo regular y la implementación de medidas de control como las prácticas culturales son fundamentales para mitigar este problema. En particular, en Tihuatlán, con menor precipitación, prácticas culturales escasas y algunas zonas de la plantación con drenaje deficiente, que permiten inundaciones frecuentes durante la temporada de lluvias, generaron condiciones estresantes para los árboles. Aunque <italic>C. odorata</italic> puede crecer en diferentes ambientes, se sabe que las características del suelo determinan su establecimiento, crecimiento y desarrollo; los mejores crecimientos de la especie se han registrado en suelos con buen drenaje y fertilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Cintron, 1990</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Clasificación ordinal de familias</title>
				<p>En la clasificación general, 39 % de las familias están dentro de los primeros cinco lugares (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>). Esto indica una respuesta importante y positiva de la mayoría de las familias a los tres sitios; a pesar de que la selección fenotípica de los árboles superiores se realizó con los residuos de las poblaciones naturales de <italic>C. odorata</italic>, en ocasiones con densidades de árboles reducidas y en otros casos, solo con relictos donde no había muchos individuos para hacer una mejor selección.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Cuadro 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Clasificación ordinal de las familias en los tres ensayos de progenie de <italic>Cedrela odorata</italic> L.</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">Familia</th>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>SUP</italic></th>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>ALT</italic></th>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>AFL</italic></th>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>DN</italic></th>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>FOR</italic></th>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>BIF</italic></th>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>NIV</italic></th>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>MEDIA</italic></th>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">CLAS</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">62</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">21</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">45</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">27</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">20</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">24</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">37</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">14</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">71</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">39</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">26</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">19</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">48</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">21</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">18</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">25</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">15</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">51</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">19</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">63</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">35</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">34</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">14</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">18</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">77</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">29</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">17</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">59</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">31</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">65</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">23</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">72</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">17</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">29</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">80</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">25</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">46</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">25</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">35</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">61</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">16</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">28</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">55</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">25</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">15</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">33</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">16</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">78</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">33</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="center">16</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">19</td>
									<td align="center">18</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">36</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">46</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">22</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">29</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">39</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">54</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">40</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">45</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">15</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">32</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">22</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">23</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">42</td>
									<td align="center">35</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">36</td>
									<td align="center">38</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">26</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">58</td>
									<td align="center">26</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">26</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">69</td>
									<td align="center">44</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">18</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">23</td>
									<td align="center">35</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">16</td>
									<td align="center">16</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">60</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">52</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">39</td>
									<td align="center">30</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">30</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">15</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">76</td>
									<td align="center">43</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">27</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">15</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">70</td>
									<td align="center">35</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">24</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">15</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">66</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">56</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">16</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">35</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">28</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">42</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">16</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">28</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">39</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">34</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">17</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">17</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">43</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">34</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">49</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">17</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">79</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">25</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">46</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">15</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">17</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">68</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">37</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">41</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">18</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">22</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">33</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">44</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">14</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">18</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">40</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">43</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">18</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">47</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">41</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">38</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">15</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">18</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">21</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">49</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">47</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">19</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">49</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">31</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">48</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">17</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">19</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">32</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">42</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">51</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">14</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">19</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">64</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">32</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">50</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">15</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">19</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">50</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">47</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">55</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">19</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">41</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">45</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">37</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">18</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">19</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">25</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">48</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">54</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">19</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">24</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">36</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">53</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">16</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">20</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">14</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p><italic>SUP</italic> = Supervivencia; <italic>ALT</italic> = Altura total; <italic>AFL</italic> = Altura de fuste limpio; <italic>DN</italic> = Diámetro normal; <italic>FOR</italic> = Forma de fuste; <italic>BIF</italic> = Bifurcaciones; <italic>NIV</italic> = Nivel de incidencia de <italic>Hypsipyla grandella</italic>; <italic>MEDIA</italic> = Promedio de los siete atributos; CLAS = Clasificación. La sombra indica las 22 mejores familias (arriba) y las 17 peores (abajo), sin sombras familias intermedias.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Los resultados revelaron que las familias 7, 45 y 62 exhibieron una notable estabilidad en los tres sitios analizados, principalmente en Venustiano Carranza y Tamazunchale. La familia 45 se mantuvo dentro de los primeros cinco lugares, y mostró consistencia en cada uno de los tres sitios; destacaron en <italic>ALT</italic>, <italic>DN</italic> y <italic>FOR</italic> (con las primeras posiciones 1, 2, 1, respectivamente) que corresponden a las variables de mayor interés comercial. También resalta la familia 62, la cual sobresalió en <italic>ALT</italic> y <italic>DN</italic> (posiciones 2 y 3, respectivamente), y conservó una posición relevante en ambos lugares. La familia 7 exhibió la mayor consistencia en las características de crecimiento, bifurcación, forma de fuste e incidencia de <italic>Hypsipyla grandella</italic>, siempre entre las posiciones 4 a 6 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>Las características destacadas de estas tres familias en los sitios evaluados indican su capacidad de respuesta a las diferentes condiciones presentes en cada uno de ellos. Sin embargo, es necesario complementar estos resultados con la estimación de parámetros genéticos y la evaluación de interacción genotipo-ambiente. En estudios similares de ensayos de <italic>C. odorata</italic>, pero con planta injertada, se indicó que la heterogeneidad ambiental entre sitios fue la causa principal de la baja heredabilidad en variables de crecimiento, además de que la interacción genotipo-ambiente resultó de baja a moderada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Olvera-Moreno et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>Estos parámetros ayudan a recomendar planes de manejo en los ensayos y a seleccionar genotipos superiores con fines de mejoramiento genético de la especie en cada uno de los sitios. El desarrollo y crecimiento de los genotipos está relacionado con su genética y todas las condiciones ambientales presentes de cada ensayo, particularmente los factores edáficos, climáticos y bióticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Kimmins, 2004</xref>). Por lo tanto, la variabilidad observada representa la diversidad de genotipos presentes y es un parámetro fundamental para los programas de mejoramiento genético (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Murillo et al., 2017</xref>). Esta variabilidad se manifiesta a nivel morfológico en los árboles, afecta características como la altura, diámetro, rectitud y calidad del fuste.</p>
				<p>En México, con estudios como el aquí documentado, se están logrando avances significativos en el campo del mejoramiento genético de <italic>C. odorata</italic>, con el objetivo de desarrollar materiales mejorados que presenten características estables y distintivas en diferentes ubicaciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Rodríguez-Vásquez et al., 2021</xref>). En el presente estudio, las evaluaciones realizadas en los tres sitios con condiciones ambientales contrastantes permiten conocer el comportamiento y variación en características de crecimiento y morfológicas del fuste en las familias. Lo anterior contribuirá a determinar la adaptabilidad y estabilidad del material plantado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Olvera Moreno et al., 2022</xref>); pero estudios de variación genética serán necesarios para realizar los aclareos genéticos en los ensayos y su transformación a huertos semilleros.</p>
				<p>En el presente estudio, a los tres años de edad de establecidas las plantaciones, a nivel de familias, los árboles de <italic>C. odorata</italic> no exhibieron una marcada diferenciación morfológica.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>A los tres años de establecidos los ensayos, la variación morfológica esperada entre las familias de <italic>C. odorata</italic> no se verificó, a pesar de la diversidad de condiciones de su origen en Veracruz, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas e Hidalgo. Sin embargo, el factor sitio influyó en la supervivencia y caracteres de crecimiento de los árboles. En particular, los árboles establecidos en Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosí destacaron en relación con los otros dos ensayos por su alta supervivencia y características comerciales, como altura y diámetro normal; el sitio presenta una precipitación media anual muy superior al de los otros dos, y tiene un suelo tipo Leptosol, diferente al Vertisol y al Regosol existentes en Venustiano Carranza y Tihuatlán, respectivamente; ambos son factores que inciden en la variación descrita. Finalmente, las familias 7, 45 y 62 se identifican como las de mejor desarrollo y crecimiento, de acuerdo a la clasificación basada en los atributos morfológicos considerados en este estudio.</p>
			<p>La continuidad de la evaluación será importante para corroborar los resultados en el mediano y largo plazo. Además, se recomienda estudiar y analizar el grado de control genético presente en los caracteres morfológicos, con la finalidad de conocer su relevancia en la adaptación y domesticación de las familias en diferentes ambientes.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimientos</title>
			<p>Agradecemos al Colegio de Postgraduados (Colpos) por su apoyo y facilitación de recursos para llevar a cabo esta investigación. Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Conacyt) por la beca otorgada a Eliana Molar Peña para realizar estudios de Maestría en Ciencias.</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Scientific article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Evaluation of progeny tests of <italic>Cedrela odorata</italic> L. in different regions of Mexico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn3">
					<label>Conflict of interest</label>
					<p>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn4">
					<label>Contribution by author</label>
					<p>Eliana Molar Peña: research development, data collection, statistical analysis, structure, and design of the manuscript; Marcos Jiménez Casas: design, supervision of the experiment, analysis of results, writing, and editing of the manuscript; Miguel Ángel López López: design, supervision of the experiment, and editing of the manuscript; José Pastor Parra Piedra: manuscript supervision and correction; José Vidal Cob Uicab: manuscript supervision and correction.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Progeny trials provide information on genotype performance, stability and adaptation in different environments, with the aim of refining and converting them into seed orchards that produce high-quality seed and genetic diversity. In three <italic>Cedrela odorata</italic> progeny trials established in <italic>Venustiano Carranza</italic>, state of <italic>Puebla</italic>, <italic>Tihuatlán</italic>, state of <italic>Veracruz</italic> and <italic>Tamazunchale,</italic> state of <italic>San Luis Potosí</italic>, the objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological variation between sites and families, and to identify the families with the best development and growth. The trials were established with the same families, in 16 complete randomized blocks with 64 families per block. After three years, the survival percentage, height, normal diameter, clean stem height, stem shape, bifurcation and incidence of <italic>Hypsipyla grandella</italic> were recorded; using these variables, the families were ordinally classified. Significant differences were observed between sites in survival, height and diameter. Survival rates were 80 % in <italic>Tamazunchale</italic>, 77 % in <italic>Venustiano Carranza</italic> and 35 % in <italic>Tihuatlán</italic>. Regarding height and normal diameter, <italic>Tamazunchale</italic> had the best averages (5.8 m and 7.1 cm, respectively), followed by <italic>Venustiano Carranza</italic> (3.5 m and 4.2 cm) and <italic>Tihuatlán</italic> (2.5 m and 2.5 cm). Within sites, families 7, 45, and 62 had outstanding and stable performance in the three environments tested. Although no variation was detected between families, the conditions of each site influenced the performance of the trees, with the <italic>Tamazunchale</italic> trial standing out with the best performance and commercial characteristics.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Red cedar</kwd>
				<kwd>ordinal ranking</kwd>
				<kwd>progeny trials</kwd>
				<kwd>families</kwd>
				<kwd>environmental variation</kwd>
				<kwd>morphological variation</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>In the field of genetic improvement of forest species, the main objective of provenance and progeny trials is to obtain genetic gains based on the selection of the best phenotypes and genotypes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">White et al., 2007</xref>). These trials begin with the selection of superior trees based on their phenotype, that is, those that show outstanding performance in evaluated traits of commercial interest compared to the average of the natural population (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Zobel &amp; Talbert, 1988</xref>). Phenotypic selection allows for the selection of traits of interest and the prediction of genetic gains for subsequent use in the formation of more productive and better-adapted forests (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">White et al., 2007</xref>). These traits are not limited solely to rapid growth but also encompass relevant aspects such as survival, resistance to adverse environmental factors, wood quality, and seed production (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Flores Flores et al., 2014</xref>). The quantification of trait variability, estimation of genetic parameters, and heritability through differential selection are key elements in the genetic improvement process of forest species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Flores Flores et al., 2014</xref>). Furthermore, they provide valuable information for the management of seed orchards and guide forest genetic improvement programs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">White et al., 2007</xref>). The evaluation of morphological variation in progeny trials is relevant for identifying individuals with desirable phenotypic characteristics and understanding their adaptability to different conditions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Quijada, 1984</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">White et al., 2007</xref>). The genotype-environment interaction is especially important in species with a wide natural distribution, such as <italic>Cedrela odorata</italic> L., since progenies and/or provenances can behave differently in different environments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Flores Flores et al., 2014</xref>). Therefore, it is desirable for genotypes to maintain stability in morphological traits across different environments, since their relatively good and predictable performance demonstrates the potential to respond favorably to different sites considered for establishing more productive plantations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Falconer &amp; Mackay, 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Quijada, 1984</xref>; Zobel &amp; Talbert, 1988). However, finding genotypes that are stable across different environments is complicated. To cite one study, in progeny trials conducted under two contrasting conditions with more than 40 families of <italic>Pinus elliottii</italic> Engelm. var. <italic>elliottii</italic>, only four families were identified with high stability in morphological traits of interest, which indicates the level of adaptation of the families to their environment and limits their productive potential to the conditions of the plantation site (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Pagliarini et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Family performance in progeny trials during the first years reflects the variation in the expression of various traits, which are influenced by site quality, management, and interaction with biotic and abiotic factors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Rodríguez-Vásquez et al., 2021</xref>). In tropical and subtropical areas, <italic>C. odorata</italic> has a high economic value due to the quality of its wood (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Olvera-Moreno et al., 2022</xref>). In Mexico, it ranks second in terms of the establishment of commercial forest plantations, after the genus <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> spp., with an area of 20 705 hectares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Velázquez Martínez et al., 2011</xref>). Together, they represent 60 % of the planted area in the country, especially in the states of <italic>Veracruz</italic>, <italic>Tabasco</italic> and <italic>Campeche</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Palma-López et al., 2007</xref>). Therefore, the objectives of the present study were: (1) To evaluate the variation in morphological and growth characteristics among families established in three <italic>C. odorata</italic> progeny trials under different environmental conditions, and (2) To identify the families with the best performance.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materials and Methods</title>
				<p>The trials were established in the localities of <italic>Tamazunchale</italic>, in the state of <italic>San Luis Potosí</italic>; <italic>Tihuatlán</italic>, in the state of <italic>Veracruz</italic>; and <italic>Venustiano Carranz</italic>a, in the state of <italic>Puebla</italic>, in 2018 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>). These are places with contrasting characteristics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática [INEGI], 2010a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">2010b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">2010c</xref>). Sixty-four families from <italic>Veracruz</italic> (23 families), <italic>Puebla</italic> (17 families), <italic>San Luis Potosí</italic> (11 families), <italic>Tamaulipas</italic> (3 families), and <italic>Hidalgo</italic> (10 families) were included in each trial.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Geographic location and characteristics of the establishment sites of the <italic>Cedrela odorata</italic> L. progeny trials.</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">Location</th>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">Latitude N and <break/>Longitude W</th>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">Altitude <break/>(masl)</th>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">Mean annual <break/>temperature (°C)</th>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">Mean annual <break/>precipitation <break/>(mm)</th>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">Soil <break/>type</th>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">Exposure</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Venustiano</italic><break/><italic>Carranza</italic>, <italic>Puebla</italic></td>
									<td align="center">20°28'26.3&quot; <break/>97°41'59.0&quot;</td>
									<td align="center">330</td>
									<td align="center">22-26</td>
									<td align="center">1 400 a 1 600</td>
									<td align="left">Vertisol</td>
									<td align="left">Zenithal</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Tihuatlán</italic>, <break/><italic>Veracruz</italic></td>
									<td align="center">20°33'44.9&quot; <break/>97°29'6.2&quot;</td>
									<td align="center">164</td>
									<td align="center">24-26</td>
									<td align="center">1 100 a 1 300</td>
									<td align="left">Regosol</td>
									<td align="left">Zenithal</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" style="border-bottom: solid thin;"><italic>Tamazunchale</italic>, <break/><italic>San Luis Potosí</italic></td>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">21°28'39&quot; <break/>98°58'45&quot;</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">140</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">20-24</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">1 500 a 3 000</td>
									<td align="left" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">Leptosol</td>
									<td align="left" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">Zenithal-<break/>North</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Between March and May 2018, three trials were established with plants from the 64 families, each between 6 and 8 months old, with a height of 30 to 40 cm and a root collar diameter of 35 to 50 mm.</p>
				<p>The plants were grown in 680 mL plastic tubes filled with a mixture of Peat moss<sup>®</sup> (60 %), vermiculite (20 %), perlite (20 %), and Osmocote<sup>®</sup> 9-45-15 (3 g per 680 g of substrate). Irrigation was applied every three or four days using a robotic irrigation system, with scheduled fertilization once a week with Peters<sup>®</sup> 20-10-20 fertilizer (3 g L<sup>-1</sup>). The trials were established under a randomized complete block (RCB) experimental design, with one plant per family per block as the experimental unit, spaced 4×4 m in 16 blocks. Therefore, 64 plants were incorporated into each block, and a total of 1 024 specimens were included in each trial.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Assessed variables</title>
					<p>At the time of the evaluation, only 57 of the 64 families were considered in the analysis, as seven were discarded due to their 100 % dead trees.</p>
					<p>In each trial, survival percentage (<italic>SUP</italic>) (alive: standing trees with green leaves and growing shoots in the crowns, dead: trees without living tissue standing or felled with absence of leaves and shoots in the crowns), total height (<italic>ALT</italic>; m) (telescopic pole±1 cm, no trademark), clean stem height (<italic>AFL</italic>; cm) (telescopic pole±1 cm, no trademark) and normal diameter (<italic>ND</italic>; mm) (model 573-282 Mitutoyo<sup>®</sup>, digital vernier±0.05 mm) were determined. Stem shape (<italic>SSS</italic>) was determined based on four categories: (1) Very twisted, (2) Twisted, (3) Slightly twisted, and (4) Straight; bifurcations (<italic>BIF</italic>): (1) Bifurcated from the lower third, (2) Bifurcated from the middle third, (3) Bifurcated only in the upper third, and (4) Not bifurcated; and incidence of attack by <italic>Hypsipyla grandella</italic> (Zeller) (<italic>NIV</italic>) based on the number of perforations in the tree: (1) High: in the entire trunk, shoots and branches, (2) Medium: in shoots and branches, and (3) Low: only in shoots.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>The assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance were verified using the Shapiro-Wilk test using the UNIVARIATE procedure in SAS<sup>©</sup> version 9.1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">SAS Institute Inc., 2004</xref>) for the variables <italic>SUP</italic> (<italic>p</italic>=0.9342), <italic>ALT</italic> (<italic>p</italic>=0.9556), and <italic>ND</italic> (<italic>p</italic>=0.9678). An analysis of variance (<italic>α</italic>&lt;0.05) was performed using the GLM procedure in SAS<sup>©</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">SAS Institute Inc., 2004</xref>). The statistical model used was:</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e2">
							<mml:math>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>Y</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>k</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>µ</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>β</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>k</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>k</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi> </mml:mi>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>k</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
							</mml:math>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<p>Where:</p>
					<p><italic>Y</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>ijk</italic>
</sub> = Observed value in the individual of the <italic>k</italic>
 <sup>th</sup> family, in the <italic>j</italic>
 <sup>th</sup> block nested in the <italic>i</italic>
 <sup>th</sup> site</p>
					<p><italic>µ</italic> = General mean</p>
					<p><italic>S</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>i</italic>
</sub> = <italic>i</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>th</italic>
</sup> site fixed effect</p>
					<p><italic>β</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>j(i)</italic>
</sub> = Fixed effect of the <italic>j</italic>
 <sup>th</sup> block nested in the <italic>i</italic>
 <sup>th</sup> site</p>
					<p><italic>F</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>k</italic>
</sub> = Random effect of the <italic>k</italic>
 <sup>th</sup> family <italic>~NID</italic> (0, <italic>σ</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>2</italic>
</sup> 
 <sub>
 <italic>f</italic>
</sub> )</p>
					<p><italic>SF</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>ik</italic>
</sub> = Random effect of the site×family interaction <italic>~NID</italic> (0, <italic>σ</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>2</italic>
</sup> 
 <sub>
 <italic>sf</italic>
</sub> )</p>
					<p><italic>e</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>ijk</italic>
</sub> = Experimental error <italic>~NID</italic> (0, <italic>σ</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>2</italic>
</sup> 
 <sub>
 <italic>e</italic>
</sub> )</p>
					<p><italic>i</italic> = 1, 2 and 3 (sites)</p>
					<p><italic>i</italic> = 1, 2, and 3 (sites)</p>
					<p><italic>j</italic> = 1, …16 (blocks)</p>
					<p><italic>k</italic> = 1, …57 (families)</p>
					<p>Subsequently, the means were separated using the Tukey test (<italic>α</italic>&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">SAS Institute Inc., 2004</xref>). The families were classified using the procedure suggested by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Dlamini et al. (2017)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Edward et al. (2014)</xref> and each variable evaluated (<italic>SUP</italic>, <italic>ALT</italic>, <italic>AFL</italic>, <italic>ND</italic>, <italic>FOR</italic>, <italic>BIF</italic> and <italic>NIV</italic>) was assigned a continuous categorical value, which varied from the best (with 1 point assigned) and successively to the worst (with 57 points assigned) for each family. Then, the data were averaged for each variable, to obtain the general average (<italic>MEAN</italic>) of the 7 variables in each family. Subsequently, the families were grouped and classified (CLAS) based on the averages (<italic>MEAN</italic>), in descending order, using the SAS<sup>©</sup> PROC RANK procedure (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">SAS Institute Inc., 2004</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>Results and Discussion</title>
				<p>The site factor significantly influenced (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.0001) survival, height, and diameter; however, no significance was found between families or in the interaction between the two factors (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Probability (<italic>P</italic>) values obtained in the analysis of variance for the survival, height, and diameter variables of <italic>Cedrela odorata</italic> L. families.</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">SV</th>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">DF</th>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">Survival</th>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>ALT</italic></th>
									<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>ND</italic></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Site</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Family</td>
									<td align="center">56</td>
									<td align="center">0.3297</td>
									<td align="center">0.6775</td>
									<td align="center">0.9572</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">Site×Family</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">112</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">0.1106</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">0.9364</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;">0.9897</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>SV = Source of variation; DF = Degrees of freedom; <italic>ALT</italic> = Total height; <italic>ND</italic> = Normal diameter.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Effect of site on survival</title>
					<p>The average survival percentage across the three trials was greater than 60 %. Trees from the <italic>Venustiano Carranza</italic> and <italic>Tamazunchale</italic> trials had higher survival rates (&gt;70 %) than those from <italic>Tihuatlán</italic> (35 %) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>). Previous studies have observed that mortality in plantations is primarily associated with the environmental conditions and silvicultural practices at each site, as well as with the lack of adequate protection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Grignola et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f3">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Effect of site on survival rates of <italic>Cedrela odorata</italic> L. trees.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="https://cienciasforestales.inifap.gob.mx/index.php/forestales/article/download/1544/3904/30999"/>
							<attrib>Means with different letters are statistically different, with <italic>p</italic>≤0.05. Standard error represented by the lines above the bars.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>In the <italic>Tihuatlán</italic> trial, survival was only 35 % due to the soil conditions, which included excessive waterlogging, causing hypoxia and anoxia, which negatively affected plant functions, including photosynthesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lee et al., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Peña-Castro, 2014</xref>). Other associated factors were competition with weeds and the presence of climbing plants, which suppressed the growth of <italic>C. odorata</italic> trees, and once weakened, they were more susceptible to pests and diseases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Da Ponte Canova &amp; Salas, 2009</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Effect of site on height and diameter</title>
					<p>Trees established in <italic>Tamazunchale</italic> reached significantly greater heights than those in <italic>Venustiano Carranza</italic> and <italic>Tihuatlán</italic>, with a difference of approximately 2.3 and 3.3 m, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2A</xref>). Regarding <italic>ND</italic>, the trees in the <italic>Tamazunchale</italic> trial exhibited diameters greater than 5.5 cm, and were more than 2.8 and 4.6 cm taller than those in <italic>Venustiano Carranza</italic> and <italic>Tihuatlán</italic>, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2B</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f4">
							<label>Figure 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Effect of site on total height and normal diameter of <italic>Cedrela odorata</italic> L. trees.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="https://cienciasforestales.inifap.gob.mx/index.php/forestales/article/download/1544/3904/31000"/>
							<attrib>A = Total height (<italic>ALT</italic>; m); B = Normal diameter (<italic>ND</italic>; cm). Means with different letters are statistically different, with <italic>α</italic>≤0.05. The lines above the bars represent the standard error.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The lower altitude, higher annual rainfall, well-drained soil (Leptosol), and Northern exposure in <italic>Tamazunchale</italic> favored tree height (<italic>ALT</italic>) and diameter (<italic>ND</italic>) growth, in contrast to those in <italic>Venustiano Carranza</italic> and <italic>Tihuatlán</italic>. Under optimal rainfall conditions (1 200 to 3 000 mm), the species experiences high height growth rates (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alonso-Báez et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
					<p>Tree growth and adaptation to environmental conditions are important aspects for understanding their response to climate and genetic adaptation strategies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mondino, 2014</xref>). Furthermore, in this same trial, cultural work was carried out regarding weed control and pruning, unlike the other two trials. Regular weed control practices are recommended to avoid competition between individuals during the first three years of plantation establishment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Toro Vergara, 2004</xref>).</p>
					<p>The presence of the borer <italic>Hypsipyla grandella</italic> represents a significant risk to plantations, affecting tree growth and wood quality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cornelius &amp; Watt, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Santos Murgas et al., 2015</xref>). Regular monitoring and the implementation of control measures such as cultural practices are essential to mitigate this problem. In <italic>Tihuatlán</italic> in particular, lower rainfall, limited cultural practices, and some areas of the plantation with poor drainage, allowing frequent flooding during the rainy season, created stressful conditions for the trees. Although <italic>C. odorata</italic> can grow in different environments, soil characteristics are known to determine its establishment, growth, and development; the best growth of the species has been recorded in soils with good drainage and fertility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Cintron, 1990</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ordinal classification of families</title>
					<p>In the overall classification, 39 % of the families are found within the top five (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>). This indicates a significant and positive response from most families to the three sites, despite the fact that phenotypic selection for superior trees was carried out using what remains of the natural populations of <italic>C. odorata</italic>, sometimes with reduced tree densities and in other cases, only with relicts where there were not enough individuals to perform a better selection.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Ordinal classification of families in the three progeny trials of <italic>Cedrela odorata</italic> L.</title>
							</caption>
							<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">Family</th>
										<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>SUP</italic></th>
										<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>ALT</italic></th>
										<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>AFL</italic></th>
										<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>ND</italic></th>
										<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>FOR</italic></th>
										<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>BIF</italic></th>
										<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>NIV</italic></th>
										<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin"><italic>MEAN</italic></th>
										<th align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin; border-top: solid thin">CLAS</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">62</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">21</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">45</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">27</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">20</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">24</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">37</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">14</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">71</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">39</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">26</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">19</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">48</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">21</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">18</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">25</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">15</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">51</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">19</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">63</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">35</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">34</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">14</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">18</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">77</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">29</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">17</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">59</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">31</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">65</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">23</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">72</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">17</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">29</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">80</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">25</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">46</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">25</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">2</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">35</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">61</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">16</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">28</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">1</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">55</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">25</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">15</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">33</td>
										<td align="center">13</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
										<td align="center">20</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">16</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="center">9</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">78</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">9</td>
										<td align="center">33</td>
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="center">16</td>
										<td align="center">5</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">19</td>
										<td align="center">18</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">36</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="center">1</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">46</td>
										<td align="center">20</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="center">22</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
										<td align="center">11</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">29</td>
										<td align="center">9</td>
										<td align="center">5</td>
										<td align="center">39</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
										<td align="center">9</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">13</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">54</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="center">40</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">9</td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
										<td align="center">13</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">13</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
										<td align="center">45</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="center">5</td>
										<td align="center">5</td>
										<td align="center">13</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">5</td>
										<td align="center">15</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
										<td align="center">32</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">9</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">11</td>
										<td align="center">13</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">12</td>
										<td align="center">22</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
										<td align="center">23</td>
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="center">9</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">11</td>
										<td align="center">13</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">42</td>
										<td align="center">35</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="center">13</td>
										<td align="center">9</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
										<td align="center">13</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">36</td>
										<td align="center">38</td>
										<td align="center">5</td>
										<td align="center">26</td>
										<td align="center">1</td>
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="center">5</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">58</td>
										<td align="center">26</td>
										<td align="center">11</td>
										<td align="center">26</td>
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="center">13</td>
										<td align="center">3</td>
										<td align="center">5</td>
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">69</td>
										<td align="center">44</td>
										<td align="center">9</td>
										<td align="center">18</td>
										<td align="center">9</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
										<td align="center">3</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">23</td>
										<td align="center">35</td>
										<td align="center">11</td>
										<td align="center">16</td>
										<td align="center">16</td>
										<td align="center">11</td>
										<td align="center">1</td>
										<td align="center">11</td>
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">60</td>
										<td align="center">5</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
										<td align="center">52</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="center">13</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="center">11</td>
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">39</td>
										<td align="center">30</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="center">30</td>
										<td align="center">13</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">11</td>
										<td align="center">15</td>
										<td align="center">9</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">76</td>
										<td align="center">43</td>
										<td align="center">5</td>
										<td align="center">27</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
										<td align="center">13</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">15</td>
										<td align="center">9</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">70</td>
										<td align="center">35</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">24</td>
										<td align="center">13</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
										<td align="center">15</td>
										<td align="center">9</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">66</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">56</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">16</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">35</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">28</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">42</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">16</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">28</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">39</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">34</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">17</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">17</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">43</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">34</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">49</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">17</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">79</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">25</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">46</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">15</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">17</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">68</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">37</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">41</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">18</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">22</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">33</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">44</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">14</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">18</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">40</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">43</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">18</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">47</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">41</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">38</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">15</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">18</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">21</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">49</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">47</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">3</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">19</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">49</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">31</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">48</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">17</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">19</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">32</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">42</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">51</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">14</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">6</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">19</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">64</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">32</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">50</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">15</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">10</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">19</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">50</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">47</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">55</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">12</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">19</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">41</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">45</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">37</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">18</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">19</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">25</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">48</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">54</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">4</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">7</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">19</td>
										<td align="center" style="background-color:#eaecee">13</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">24</td>
										<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">36</td>
										<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">9</td>
										<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">53</td>
										<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">16</td>
										<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">5</td>
										<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">8</td>
										<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">11</td>
										<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">20</td>
										<td align="center" style="border-bottom: solid thin;background-color:#eaecee">14</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4">
									<p><italic>SUP</italic>= Survival; <italic>ALT</italic> = Total height; <italic>AFL</italic> = Height of clean stem; <italic>ND</italic> = Normal diameter; <italic>FOR</italic> = Stem shape; <italic>BIF</italic> = Bifurcations; <italic>NIV</italic> = Incidence level of <italic>Hypsipyla grandella</italic>; <italic>MEAN</italic> = Average of the seven attributes; CLAS = Classification. The shading indicates the 22 best (top) and 17 worst (bottom) families, with no shading for intermediate families.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>The results revealed that families 7, 45, and 62 exhibited remarkable stability across the three sites analyzed, primarily in <italic>Venustiano Carranza</italic> and <italic>Tamazunchale</italic>. Family 45 remained within the top five and showed consistency across each of the three sites. They excelled in <italic>ALT</italic>, <italic>ND</italic>, and <italic>FOR</italic> (ranked 1, 2, and 1, respectively), the variables of greatest commercial interest. Family 62 also stood out in <italic>ALT</italic> and <italic>ND</italic> (ranked 2 and 3, respectively) and maintained a prominent position in both. Family 7 exhibited the greatest consistency in growth characteristics, branching, stem form, and <italic>Hypsipyla grandella</italic> incidence, always ranging from 4 to 6 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>).</p>
					<p>The outstanding characteristics of these three families across the different sites evaluated indicate their ability to respond to the different conditions present at each site. However, these results need to be complemented with the estimation of genetic parameters and the evaluation of genotype-environment interactions. In similar studies involving <italic>C. odorata</italic> trials, but with grafted plants, it was reported that environmental heterogeneity between sites was the main cause of the low heritability of growth variables; in addition, the genotype-environment interaction was low to moderate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Olvera-Moreno et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
					<p>These parameters help recommend management plans for trials and select superior genotypes for genetic improvement of the species at each site. The development and growth of genotypes is related to their genetics and all the environmental conditions present in each trial, particularly edaphic, climatic, and biotic factors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Kimmins, 2004</xref>). Therefore, the observed variability represents the diversity of genotypes present and is a fundamental parameter in genetic improvement programs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Murillo et al., 2017</xref>). This variability manifests itself at the morphological level in trees, affecting characteristics such as height, diameter, straightness, and stem quality.</p>
					<p>In Mexico, studies such as this one are making significant progress in the field of genetic improvement of <italic>C. odorata</italic>, with the goal of developing improved materials that exhibit stable and distinctive characteristics in different locations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Rodríguez-Vásquez et al., 2021</xref>). In our study, the evaluations carried out at the three sites with contrasting environmental conditions allow us to understand the behavior and variation in growth and stem morphological characteristics within families. This will contribute to determining the adaptability and stability of the planted material (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Olvera Moreno et al., 2022</xref>); however, studies of genetic variation will be necessary to carry out genetic thinning in trials and for transformation into seed orchards.</p>
					<p>In the present study, three years after the plantations were established, at the family level, the <italic>C. odorata</italic> trees did not exhibit marked morphological differentiation.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p>Three years after the trials were established, the expected morphological variation among <italic>C. odorata</italic> families was not observed, despite the diverse conditions of their origin in the states of <italic>Veracruz</italic>, <italic>Puebla</italic>, <italic>San Luis Potosí</italic>, <italic>Tamaulipas</italic> and <italic>Hidalgo</italic>. However, the site factor influenced the survival and growth characteristics of the trees. In particular, the trees established in <italic>Tamazunchale</italic>, <italic>San Luis Potosí</italic>, stood out compared to the other two trials due to their high survival rate and commercial characteristics, such as height and normal diameter. The site is influenced by a much higher average annual rainfall than the other two, and has a Leptosol-type soil, different from the Vertisol and Regosol present in <italic>Venustiano Carranza</italic> and <italic>Tihuatlán</italic>, respectively. These factors influenced the variation described. Finally, families 7, 45, and 62 were identified as having the best development and growth, according to the classification based on the morphological attributes considered in this study.</p>
				<p>Continued evaluation will be important to corroborate the results of this study in the medium and long term. Furthermore, it is recommended to study and analyze the degree of genetic control present in morphological traits, in order to understand the relevance of these traits in the adaptation and domestication of families in different environments.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Acknowledgments</title>
				<p>The authors thank the <italic>Colegio de Postgraduados</italic> (<italic>Colpos</italic>) for its support and provision of resources to carry out this research. We also thank the <italic>Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología</italic> (<italic>Conacyt</italic>) for the scholarship awarded to Eliana Molar Peña to pursue Master's studies in Science.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>