Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales Vol. 13 (72)

Julio – Agosto (2022)

Fecha de recepción/Reception date: 1 diciembre de 2021

Fecha de aceptación/Acceptance date: 1 de junio de 2022

_______________________________

¹Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. México.

*Autor para correspondencia; correo-e: icantu59@gmail.com

Abstract

Forest activities exert a positive or negative influence on soil ecosystem properties and services, through changes in vegetation and microclimate. The removal of biomass alters the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles, which are important indicators of soil health. The objective of this study was to determine the reservoir of N and the C:N ratio at two different depths of an Umbrisol, considering three stands with forest management (Clearcutting, Parent Trees and Selection) and a post-fire regenerated area, all of them eight years after the intervention, and a control plot as reference stand in a Pinus-Quercus forest. Results indicate significant differences in the variables for both soil depths (Total N, organic C, C:N ratio, N reservoir Mg ha^-1). The observed contents of total nitrogen (>0.10 %) are considered very high, being ascribable to the nature of the Umbrisol and to the quality of the organic matter of this ecosystem, with the ensuing impact on the C:N ratio, which is slightly above the optimal ranges of mineralization, having an average value of 20.4 at both depths. On the other hand, the nitrogen reserve for the analyzed profile ranged between 5.03 (control) and 9.63 Mg ha^-1 (Parent Trees). Particularly, the Clearcutting and Parent Trees treatments showed differences in regard to the Control, such treatments accelerated the incorporation of organic material to the soil (roots, branches, leaves), causing increases from 79 to 91 % in the nitrogen reservoir. The present research provides essential information to establish complementary pre- and post-management forestry practices to preserve and improve the condition of the soil (clearing, pruning, burning, etc.).

Keywords: Parent trees, soil organic matter, Clearcutting, post-fire, edaphic nitrogen reservoir, Selection. 

Resumen

Las actividades forestales influyen positiva o negativamente sobre las propiedades y servicios ecosistémicos del suelo, mediante cambios en la vegetación y microclima. La remoción de biomasa altera los ciclos del Carbono (C) y Nitrógeno (N), indicadores importantes de la salud edáfica. El objetivo fue determinar el reservorio de N y la relación C:N en dos profundidades de un Umbrisol, en tres rodales con cortas de regeneración (Matarrasa, Árboles Padre y Selección), un área regenerada posincendio con antigüedad de ocho años de ser intervenidos y un rodal de referencia (control) en un bosque de pino-encino (Pinus-Quercus). Los resultados indicaron diferencias significativas para N total, C orgánico, relación C:N, y reservorio de N Mg ha^-1 para ambas profundidades del suelo. Los contenidos de N total (>0.10 %) se consideran muy altos, atribuibles a la naturaleza del Umbrisol y calidad de su materia orgánica, lo que influye en la relación C:N, la cual está ligeramente por encima de los intervalos óptimos de mineralización, con un promedio para ambas profundidades de 20.4. La reserva de N para el perfil analizado varió entre 5.03 (Referencia) a 9.63 Mg ha^-1 (Árboles Padre). Particularmente, las cortas de Matarrasa y Árboles Padre tuvieron diferencias con el control, estos tratamientos aceleraron la incorporación de material orgánico al suelo (raíces, ramas, hojas) que provocaron incrementos de 79 a 91 % en el reservorio de N. La información generada es fundamental para el establecimiento de prácticas complementarias pre y posmanejo forestal (limpias, podas, quemas) que conserven y mejoren la condición del suelo.

Palabras clave: Árboles Padre, materia orgánica del suelo, Matarrasa, posincendio, reservorio edáfico de nitrógeno, Selección.

Introduction

The world's soils have the capacity to store carbon (1 500 Pg) in the first meter of soil depth, three times more than the amount contained in terrestrial vegetation (550 Pg) and twice the amount in the atmosphere (750 Pg); therefore, they play a key role in climate change mitigation (Veni et al., 2020). Also, soil total nitrogen (TN) stocks are estimated to vary between 133 and 140 Pg in the same depth interval (Batjes, 2014).

Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are important indicators of the quality of the soil organic matter because of their ability to improve soil structure, nutrient availability, water retention and microbial activity (Di Gerónimo et al., 2018). Specifically, soil C is a component of the global C cycle, while N availability is the main limiting factor in productivity, since it is a macronutrient that determines vegetation growth (Cerón y Aristizábal, 2012; Yuan and Chen, 2012).

Nitrogen is part of the plant and animal residues deposited in the soil that go through a process of decomposition before it becomes available to plants; its stock is subject to environmental and topographic conditions, as well as to management practices, and it is related to the type of vegetation that defines the quality of organic matter (Suárez et al., 2015; Cantú and Yáñez, 2018; Madrigal et al., 2019; Ayala-Montejo et al., 2020). In this sense, one of the indexes used to determine the quality of soil organic matter (SOM) is the C:N ratio, an indicator that reflects the rate of nitrogen mineralization for vegetation, high ratios indicate that the SOM decomposes slowly, as the nitrogen reserve is immobilized by microorganisms, so it cannot be used by plants; on the other hand, ratios between 10 and 14 correspond to rapid mineralization, which generates sufficient N for microorganisms and vegetation (Gamarra et al., 2018).

However, in recent decades, greater pressure has been exerted on forest resources to meet human needs, this has led to changes in the ecology and biology of the soil resource, which in turn has affected the quality of its ecosystem services (food and biomass production, water storage and filtration, among others) (Murray and King, 2012; IPCC, 2014; Burbano-Orjuela, 2016).

Forest management practices can affect the stability and content of carbon and nitrogen reserves in the soil, as well as its properties, due to modifications in environmental conditions, vegetation structure, and composition (Zhou et al., 2015). Changes in soil properties are influenced by the degree of disturbance of the stand environment, which correlates with harvesting intensity and harvesting cut (Jurgensen et al., 2012), determining to a large extent the soil nutrient availability, soil moisture and temperature, litter layer inputs, root distribution, and microbial community (Slesak et al., 2011; Slesak, 2013; Wic et al., 2013; Mushinski et al., 2017). In particular, forest harvesting with high cutting intensities greatly modifies the availability of soil organic matter, which affects site productivity over time (Binkley and Fisher, 2013; Kurth et al., 2014; Achat et al., 2015).

Zhang et al. (2016) indicate that any change in edaphic properties will affect the levels of nitrogen and carbon in the soil. As a result, activities related to forest management, such as road construction, heavy machinery traffic, logging, dragging, stacking and loading, cause multiple damages to the soil, including increased bulk density, rutting, changes in soil water dynamics, increased erosion and nutrient loss, threat of fungal infections and changes in the microclimate, aspects that, in general, greatly alter the biogeochemical cycles that develop in the soil (Cambi et al., 2015; Islam et al., 2015, Luna-Robles et al., 2021).

Some studies have shown that the response of nitrogen in soils under forest management is considered to be highly dynamic, i.e., it can exhibit losses of nitrogen in the soil (Jones et al., 2011; Kellman et al., 2014), gains (Grand and Lavkulich, 2012), or no change, depending on the intensity of harvesting, vegetation type and soil type (Jerabkova et al., 2011; Scott et al., 2014). Nave et al. (2011) determined that, after 15 years of application of the forestry treatment, the total carbon concentrations did not show any variations. In this regard, Ruiz-Peinado et al. (2013) indicate that carbon is considerably reduced during the first years (post-harvest), with a tendency toward significant recovery in a 6 to 20 years-period after harvesting.

According to González-Rodríguez et al. (2019), the soil organic layer is an important nutrient pathway for forest ecosystems, therefore, the occurrence of forest fires represents a potential threat to carbon sequestration by biomass and soil resources. Likewise, Overby et al. (2002) cite that high severity fires cause high mortality in the tree layers, and high temperatures (675 °C) consume most of the organic layer. In addition, fires can cause changes in nutrient cycling and soil structure (Wohlgemuth et al., 2006), therefore, in the storage of SOC (North and Hurteau, 2011). Such alterations are related to the resilience of ecosystems to the effects of wildfires (Cadena-Zamudio et al., 2020).

Umbrisol soils are characterized by a high content of organic matter within the first meter of depth, and highly acidic pH levels (<5.5), mainly distributed in temperate or cold areas, many umbrisols are covered with natural or near-natural vegetation and occupy around 100 million hectares worldwide (FAO, 2016). In Mexico, these soils cover less than 3 % of the country's surface, 2.91 % of the surface of the state of Durango, and specifically 3.3 % of Pueblo Nuevo municipality (INEGI, 2010; Inegi, 2017).

Based on the above, the objective of this study was to determine the N reservoir and the C:N ratio in two depths of an Umbrisol, in three stands with regeneration cuts as forestry management treatments (Clearcutting, Parent Trees, and Selection), and a post-fire regenerated area with eight years of intervention, in addition to a control called Reference stand.

Materials and Methods

The study was carried out in the forests of the La Ciudad ejido in the of Pueblo Nuevo municipality, Durango State, Mexico. The vegetation is mainly composed of Pinus duranguensis Martínez, P. cooperi C. E. Blanco, P. ayacahuite C. Ehrenb. ex Schltdl., Juniperus deppeana Steud. y Quercus sideroxila Bonpl. (González-Elizondoet al., 2012). The average altitude is 2 583 masl. The dominant soil in the area belongs to the Umbrisol type (Figure 1). The average annual rainfall is 1 200 mm and the average annual temperature is 18 ºC (INEGI, 2010).

Matarrasa = Clearcutting; Rodal de referencia = Reference stand; Posincendio = Post-fire; Selección = Selection; Árboles Padre = Parent trees.

Figure 1. Location of the study area.

Five stands with different forestry management conditions corresponding to three regeneration cuts were evaluated: Clearcutting, Parent Trees, and Selection; A post-fire area regenerated in a natural way and a stand called Reference, considered as a control treatment, because it was assumed that it represents the original scenario of the soil before forest management and the occurrence of the fire (Table 1). The average time of the stands after the intervention is eight years, the same as for the post-fire stand.

Table 1. Description of stands and silvicultural treatments.

Soil sampling

Based on the characteristics of the Umbrisol soil type, which include a deep superficial horizon and a high organic matter content, eight composite soil samples were collected from each stand (a combination of four individual subsamples, taken from the same stand, to obtain approximately 1 kg of soil) at two depths (four at 0-20 cm and four at 20-40 cm), for a total of 40 samples (Cantú and Yáñez, 2018). These were taken to the soil laboratory of the School of Forest Sciences Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, where they were air-dried, sieved through a 2 mm mesh, and stored for subsequent chemical analysis.

Determination of total nitrogen and soil organic carbon (SOC) (%)

The total nitrogen content of the soil was determined by the Kjeldahl method, with a Velp Scientifica^TM UDK 159 distillation and titration equipment, based on Mamani et al. (2020). The SOC was determined from the organic matter content using the modified Walkley and Black method (Cantú and Yáñez, 2018), in which the soil is oxidized with a standardized solution of potassium dichromate; with the Van Bemmelen index, the organic carbon was estimated assuming that the organic matter has 58 % carbon.

Determination of nitrogen reserve in the soil

Table 2 shows the bulk density values (g cm^-3) of the soil of the different stands analyzed, determined by the gravimetric method (Luna et al.,2021). The following equation was used to calculate the nitrogen reserve in Mg ha^-1 (Madrigal et al., 2019):

Where:

SN = Amount of soil nitrogen (Mg ha^-1)

T.N. = Percentage of total nitrogen

BD = Bulk density (g cm^-3)

SD = Sampling depth (cm)

Table 2. Mean values of soil bulk density for the analyzed stands.

C:N ratio determination

The C:N ratio was calculated based on the percentages of carbon and nitrogen in the soil samples for both depth intervals; in this case, the result of the division is directly proportional to the availability of Nitrogen with respect to Carbon, such ratio provides an estimate of the degree of decomposition of soil organic matter (Kirkby et al., 2011; Castro et al., 2019); particularly, high proportions would indicate low nitrogen availability in the soil (Cantú and Yáñez, 2018).

Where:

O.C. = Organic carbon (%)

T.N. = Total nitrogen (%)

Statistical analysis

For the variables total nitrogen (%), carbon (%), C:N ratio and nitrogen reserve (Mg ha^-1), the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test and the Levene's test for homogeneity of variances were applied (Rubio and Berlanga, 2012).

In order to identify significant statistical differences (P≤0.05), the Kruskal-Wallis (KW) test with Bonferroni correction assuming non-normality (Berlanga and Rubio, 2012) was applied for both soil depths. The analysis was performed with the SPSS statistical package version 22 (International Business Machines, 2013).

Results

The N content for the 0-20 cm depth ranged from 0.28 to 0.46 %; the Parent Tree and Selection stands had the highest and lowest percentages, respectively. For the second depth interval (20-40 cm), it fluctuated between 0.11 and 0.27 %, and the Reference and Clearcutting stands were the areas with the lowest and highest content (Table 3).

Table 3. Mean values of the variables analyzed by depth interval.

The organic carbon for the first soil depth (0-20 cm) ranged between 6.10 and 8.58 %, with the following order among the analyzed stands: Parent trees > Post-fire > Selection > Reference > Clearcutting. For the depth of 20-40 cm, the carbon records corresponded to the interval of 2.64 and 5.72 %, at which the lowest and highest carbon content corresponded to the Parent Trees and Clearcutting stands. The average C:N ratio of the soil at both depths was 20.4. The Post-Fire and Parent Tree treatments had the lowest C:N ratio at both soil depths. The Selection and Reference stand exhibited a high C:N ratio at the depth of 0-20 cm, compared to the other analyzed stands, while the highest values at the depth of 20-40 cm were found in the Control and Clearcutting stands (Table 3).

Particularly, a decrease in Nitrogen and Carbon was determined as the soil depth increased in all the analyzed stands (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Average values of a) total nitrogen and b) organic carbon content by depth interval.

Soil nitrogen reservoir

The nitrogen pool in the Umbrisol soil for the 0-20 cm depth in the silvicultural treatments Clearcutting, Parent Trees, and Post-fire silvicultural treatments exhibited increases in the N pool of 35.65 %, 84.48 % and 40.92 % respectively, compared to the control stand (3.56 Mg ha^-1), while the Selection treatment registered the lowest nitrogen reserve in the first 20 cm of the stand (2.95 Mg ha^-1).

For the 20-40 cm depth, nitrogen decreased in all the stands, except for the Selection stand, which showed a slight increase with respect to the first depth, however, all four stands showed values above the control stand (1.47 Mg ha^-1) (Figure 3). When considering the whole profile from 0-40 cm, the nitrogen stock presented the following descending order: Parent Trees (9.63 Mg ha^-1) > Clearcutting (8.99 Mg ha^-1) > Post-fire (8.21 Mg ha^-1) > Selection (5.95 Mg ha^-1) > Control (5.03 Mg ha^-1).

Figure 3. Mean nitrogen reserve values of the stands for both depths.

The results for total nitrogen (%), carbon (%), C:N ratio and nitrogen reserve (Mg ha^-1) showed significant statistical differences in all the variables (Table 4).

Table 4. Results of the Kruskal-Wallis test for the comparison between stands for both depth intervals.

* Represents significant differences (P≤0.05).

Multiple comparisons with the Kruskal-Wallis post hoc test and the Bonferroni correction detected significant differences for the variables at both depths. At 0-20 cm, there were no significant differences in total nitrogen between stands for the organic carbon content, only the pairs of Clearcutting–Parent Trees obtained differences, the variable C:N had only one significant comparison (Post-fire–Selection), and Nitrogen reserve registered differences between Selection-Parent Trees and Reference–Parent Trees.

For the second depth interval (20-40 cm), the pairwise comparisons of Clearcutting–Control and Control–Post-fire were significant for total nitrogen; for organic carbon, Clearcutting–Control and Clearcutting–Parent Trees, the C:N ratio with the Reference–Parent Tree pair; and for Nitrogen reserve, differences were found only between the Clearcutting and Control stands (Table 5).

Table 5. Kruskal-Wallis post hoc test with Bonferroni correction for the variables analyzed.

* Significant differences at the significance level of α=0.05.

Discussion

According to the evaluation of the NOM-021-RECNAT-2000 (Semarnat, 2002), the total nitrogen contents (%) for the soil are very high, presumably as a consequence of the properties of the Umbrisol, which has acid pH levels below 5.5 and high organic matter contents, with very recalcitrant characteristics (resin, lignin and cellulose) (FAO, 2015), together, they favor the establishment of mycorrhizal fungi, which in forest soils are more resistant to acid pH than nitrifying bacteria (Paul, 2015; Kamble and Bååth, 2016; Zhang et al., 2016). They are also responsible for the transformation of proteins from organic matter into nitrified substances (Havlin et al., 1999).

Particularly, the contents of organic carbon and total nitrogen showed variability between the stands subjected to regeneration cuttings and the post-fire regenerated area in relation to the control stand at both depths. This agrees with Amundson et al. (2003), Thiffault et al. (2011), Achat et al. (2015) and Mushinski et al. (2017), who point out that, after regeneration and post-fire cuttings, various biogeochemical transformations ―such as mineralization, humification, denitrification, etc.― usually occur in the soil and accelerate, potentially leading to alterations (gains or losses) in the nitrogen stocks. According to Steubing et al. (2002), regeneration and post-fire cuttings modify the soil cover and the vegetation structure, because they have an impact on several abiotic factors such as soil moisture, wind, radiation, interception and temperature, whose combined effect finally determines soil C, N and C:N balances.

The findings of the present study allow us to infer that, eight years after a silvicultural intervention and after the occurrence of the forest fire, the capacity of the nitrogen reservoir in the Umbrisol increased at the depth of 0-40 cm, consistently with the response of the carbon reservoir for these same stands, which exhibited an average sequestration of 149.89 Mg ha^-1 after cuttings and forest fires (Luna et al., 2022).

According to the above, the Nitrogen reservoir increased by 79 and 91 % in the stands with the Clearcutting and Parent Trees treatment with respect to the Control stand. Such treatments modified the biotic and abiotic conditions that define the dynamics of Nitrogen, including the rates of incorporation of organic material into the soil (roots, branches, leaves) and the activity of nitrogen synthesizing microorganisms. Also, the opening of the canopy favored the establishment of grasses and shrubs with higher decomposition rates than the tree vegetation (Thiffault et al., 2011; Zehetgruber et al., 2017).

This contrasts with what has been cited in other studies on similar intensive forestry operations, in which low nitrogen concentrations have been found in stands a decade after the intervention (Achat et al., 2015; Foote et al., 2015; Mushinski et al., 2017).

The occurrence of the forest fire significantly influenced the total nitrogen content in the two soil depth intervals. Higher percentages were estimated for all the stands, except for the second depth in the stand with Clearcutting. These results are consistent with those reported by Johnson and Curtis (2001) and de la Rosa et al. (2014), who document that a wildfire increases the amount and rate of degradation of the SOM. The authors add that total nitrogen can result in subsequent gains due to the incorporation of unburned residues including charcoal, hydrophobic organic matter and the establishment of fast-growing post-fire vegetation, mainly herbs and shrubs.

Covington and Sackett (1992) and Certini (2005) point out that, in the superficial part of the soil, ammonium is the main inorganic form of nitrogen that originates during a fire; after weeks or months, nitrate is formed from ammonium; nitrification is immediate, if nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter) are present. In the present study, this may have occurred to a lesser degree due to the acid pH of the Umbrisol, which inhibited bacterial activity, thereby reducing nitrogen availability; consequently, nitrate leaching may have occurred.

For the soil depth of 20-40 cm, it was determined that the nitrogen reserve decreased considerably for all stands; this coincides with Madrigal et al. (2019), who, in fir, pine and pine-aile forests, quantified decreases as the depth increased, an aspect that is mainly linked to the decrease in the amount of organic matter, as well as to processes such as assimilation by vegetation in the first centimeters, leaching, and volatilization of nitrogen.

According to Porta et al. (2014) in order to indicate that organic matter is in a dynamic state (mineralization), the C:N ratio must be within a range of 10 to 14. Galicia et al. (2016) state that, in pine-oak forests, C:N ratios ranging between 24 and 47 are considered optimal. The values of the present study are at an average ratio of 20.4 for both depths, which indicates that the rate of mineralization of the Umbrisol is slightly above optimal conditions.

Conclusions

Regeneration cuttings and the occurrence of forest fires after eight years contribute to increase the Nitrogen reservoir in the soil, compared to the Control stand; therefore, the forestry practices applied proved to favor the sustainability of the Umbrisol. Particularly, Clearcutting and Parent Trees stands show differences with regard to the Control stand. Due to their own management characteristics, these forestry treatments increase the incorporation of organic material into the soil (roots, branches, leaves), resulting in increases of 79 to 91 % in the N pool. The average C:N ratio of the Umbrisol soil (20.4) is below the optimal C:N range (24-47) for pine-oak forests.

These results will allow to establish pre- and post-management criteria, such as the planning of complementary silvicultural management treatments, with emphasis on thinning, clearing, pruning, controlled burning, site preparation, management of cutting residues, among others, to conserve and improve the variables soil C, N and C:N ratio.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Unidad de Prestación de Servicios Ejidales Núm. 6 El Salto, A. C. and Conacyt for the doctoral scholarship granted for the development of this research.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Contribution by author

Israel Cantú Silva: approach and conduction of the research, statistical analysis and drafting of the manuscript; Erik Orlando Luna Robles: field and laboratory work, data analysis, and drafting of the manuscript.

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